Saeed Abbasi

   The Zagros forests represent the most extensive habitat for various oak species in Iran. In recent years, these forests have been neglected and are now under severe threat. Epiphytic fungi exist on the surface of plant tissues and constitute diverse groups of biological agents. Determining the diversity and identifying these agents is essential for a proper understanding of their function in plants. Given that epiphytic fungi can significantly impact plant performance and the stability of plant ecosystems, their study is of particular importance. This research aimed to identify the epiphytic fungi on the branches and leaves of Persian oak trees in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, field sampling was conducted over two consecutive years during autumn and winter from the Chehrazber, Chalabeh, Sarmil, and Sarpol-e Zahab regions in the oak forests of Kermanshah province. Samples were taken from the branches and leaves of oak trees. To grow and isolate the fungi, the samples were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. After obtaining pure isolates, the fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics using standard mycological keys and by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. In this study, a total of 981 fungal isolates belonging to 25 different taxa were isolated and identified from the branches and leaves of oak trees in various forest areas of Kermanshah province. This included 433 isolates from branches and 548 isolates from leaves. Among the identified species,  Aureobasidium pullulans,  Quambalaria cyanescens,  Gibberella intermedia,  Cladosporium oxysporum,  Alternaria malorum,  Helenozyma baotianmanensis*,  Chaetomium cochliodes*,  Mucor plumbeus,  Fusarium acuminatum,  Fusarium solani, and  Kalmusia variispora  were isolated and identified from oak leaves. The specie  Acremonium sclerotigenum,  Aureobasidium motuoense*,  Cladosporium ramotenellum*,  Coniochaeta polymorpha*,  Coniochaeta deborreae*,  Alternaria alternata,  Hydeomyces hydei*, and  accothecium sepincola* were isolated and identified from oak branches. Additionally, one isolate at the class level (Dothideomycetes) was isolated and identified from oak branches. Five taxa were identified solely based on morphological methods, including  Aspergillus niger,  enicillium  .,  eoscytalidium dimidiatum,  aecilomyces formosus, and  eauveria bassiana. Species marked with an asterisk (*) are reported from Iran for the first time.

چغندرقند يكي از محصولات مهم زراعي صنعتي است كه در جايگاه دومين منبع بزرگ توليد شكر در جهان قرار دارد. بيماري سفيدك پودري چغندرقند يكي از بيماري‌هاي مهم قارچي اين محصول در سراسر دنيا است كه در ايران نيز در در تمامي مناطق كشت چغندر قند وجود دارد. بهره‌گيري از ارقام مقاوم بهترين رويكرد مديريتي براي مهار اين بيماري محسوب مي‌شود. از اين رو، در اين مطالعه، تعدادي از ارقام اميدبخش چغندرقند با هدف دست‌يابي به رقم مقاوم مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در اين پژوهش، مواد گياهي شامل 17 رقم به نام‌هاي اكباتان، پايا، آريا، شكوفا، مطهر،آرتا، دنا، سينا، آسيا، كيميا، نيكا، تارا، هما، حسنا، پالما، مودكس و BTS 335 به همراه ژنوتيپ حساس 191، در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در شرايط مزرعه مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. هر كرت آزمايشي شامل چهار رديف كشت به طول دو متر و فاصله 50 سانتي‌متر بود. دو رديف وسط كرت به ژنوتيپ مورد ارزيابي، اختصاص داده شد و در رديف‌هاي كناري در تمامي كرت‎هاي آزمايشي شاهد حساس 191 به منظور توزيع يكنواخت آلودگي كاشته شد. مزرعه آزمايشي هر دو روز يك بار مورد بازديد قرار گرفته و پس از ظهور اولين علائم آلودگي، ميزان آلودگي هر هفته يك‌بار مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. ارزيابي مقاومت، بر اساس سه شاخص رخداد و شدت بيماري در آخرين يادداشت برداري، سطح زير منحني پيشرفت بيماري و تعداد كنيديوم توليد شده در واحد سطح صورت گرفت. در اين ارزيابي رقم مودكس با اختلاف معني‌دار نسبت به تمامي ژنوتيپ‌هاي ارزيابي شده،   در هر سه روش ارزيابي به عنوان رقم مقاوم شناخته شد. بنابراين، اين رقم در صورت برخورداري از صفات زراعي و عملكرد مطلوب مي‌تواند براي كشت توصيه شود يا به عنوان منبع مقاومت در برنامه‌هاي به‌نژادي مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.   

   گل جاليز، انگلي جهاني است كه خسارات قابل‌توجهي به محصولات زراعي، به‌ويژه گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا وارد مي‌كند. براي كنترل اين انگل، محققان به دنبال روش‌هاي زيستي؛ مانند استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت هستند. در اين پژوهش باهدف مهار زيستي گل جاليز، اثر ?? جدايه قارچي اندوفيت روي ارقام مختلف گوجه‌فرنگي (كارون و متين) و كلزا (نپتون) بررسي شد. با استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه‌برداري شده داخلي دي ‌ان‌ اي ريبوزومي   گل جاليز جمع‌آوري‌شده از مزارع گوجه‌فرنگي Phelipanche aegyptiaca (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738595 و ON738596) و گل جاليز جمع­آوري شده از مزارع كلزا Phelepanch cilicata (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738605 و ON738606) شناسايي شد. پس از شناسايي مولكولي گل جاليز جمع‌آوري شده از مزارع، آزمايش‌ها در شرايط كنترل شده انجام شد. اين آزمايش در شرايط گلخانه‌اي و بر اساس طرح كامل تصادفي انجام شد. براي تهيه اينوكولوم قارچي، ابتدا بذر‌هاي گندم سترون شده با ريسه و اسپور قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مايه­زني و به مدت دو هفته در دماي 25 درجه سلسيوس كشت داده شدند. سپس 10 گرم از اين بذر‌هاي آلوده به همراه 2 كيلوگرم خاك سترون و 0.05 گرم بذر گل جاليز با هم مخلوط شده و در گلدان‌هاي حاوي اين مخلوط، نشاء‌هاي گوجه‌فرنگي رقم كارون و بذر‌هاي كلزا رقم نپتون كاشته شدند. سه الي چهار ماه پس از كاشت و با ظهور بوته‌هاي گياهان به همراه گل جاليز، صفات رشدي گياهان از جمله وزن خشك اندام هوايي و ريشه، ارتفاع گياه و محتواي كلروفيل برگ‌ها اندازه‌گيري شد. نتايج آماري آناليز نشان داد كه بين گياهان تيمار شده با قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت و گروه شاهد (گياه با گل جاليز و بدون قارچ اندوفيت)، اختلاف معني‌داري در برخي از صفات رشدي وجود دارد. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم متين)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي و طول ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي TC-26-6, RU-BeBa, RU-ClRo و TC-26-6 از قارچ­هاي، Alternaria Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys rosea و Alternaria با افزايش 8/61، 6/52، 9/76 و 9/77 درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. همچنين جدايه­هاي مربوط به گونه­هاي مختلف Trichoderma و گونه­هاي Microdochium bolleyi و Ascotricha funiculosa بيشترين تأثير در افزايش وزن خشك‌ريشه در حدود ?? درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد شدند. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم كارون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، طول ريشه و وزن خشك‌ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي RU-RoTo، RU-TrRo، RU-TrAt، TW-24-2 و RU-ClRo   از قارچ­هاي Rodotorula   torulidae، Trichothecium roseum، Trichoderma atroviride، Alternaria     و   Clonostachys rosea   به ترتيب با افزايش 42،   6/46،   9/68،   73،   3/78 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. در بررسي تأثير قارچ­هاي اندوفيت بر گياه كلزا (رقم نپتون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك‌ريشه و طول ريشه نسبت به گياه شاهد مربوط به جدايه­هاي TC-26-6، RU-AsNi، RU-FuTr،   RU-TrRo و RU-RoTo از قارچ­هاي Alternaria، Aspergillus niger، Fusarium tricinctum، Trichotecium roseum و Rodotorula toruloidea به ترتيب با افزايش 7/87، 8/79، 6/79، 8/58 و 6/73 درصد بودند. بيشترين مقدار محتواي كلروفيلي در گياه كلزا مربوط به جدايه TrKo از قارچ Trichoderma koningiopsis ‌ با افزايش 6/65 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بود. يافته‌هاي اين مطالعه نشان داد كه قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند نقش مهمي در بهبود عملكرد گياهان گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا، به‌ويژه در شرايط وجود انگل گل جاليز ايفا كنند. در مجموع استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند به‌عنوان ره يافتي اميدبخش در مديريت تلفيقي اين علف هرز انگلي مورداستفاده قرار گيرد.

 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important vegetables which are cultivated worldwide. Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is one of the main agents that cause decrease in tomato yield. This parasite plant causes great damages to tomato production by uptaking nutrients from the host plant. Various methods have been proposed to control this weed, but none of them have been completely successful so far. In this study, effects of different strains of Trichoderma spp. on P. aegyptiaca and some tomato growth parameters were investigated. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that T72 increased tomato growth and yield by improving parameters such as fresh and dry weight of the plant and the number and weight of fruits in non-infested condition. Regarding P. aegyptiaca, none of Trichoderma strains had a significant effect on reducing the growth and weight of this parasitic weed. No fruit was produced under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition. Although T72 had positive effects on some phenological parameters such as fresh and dry weight of tomato, these effects were not sufficient to prevent yield reduction caused by P. aegyptiaca or to reduce weed growth. These findings indicate that although some Trichoderma strains, especially T72, can help to improve tomato growth and yield under non-stressed condition, they could not do the same under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition and even had no significant effect on reducing the weed growth. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mechanisms of the effects of these strains under different conditions.

Root rot and seedling mortality diseases have been recognized as significant threats to the survival and growth of forest seedlings, particularly Iranian oak, worldwide. These diseases cause substantial economic losses to nurseries and pose serious challenges to forest restoration. This study aimed to accurately identify the pathogens contributing to root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in Kermanshah Province, Iran. One hundred infected seedlings exhibiting symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, leaf drop, and crown and root rot were collected from Iranian oak nurseries in the province and transferred to the laboratory. The roots and crowns of infected seedlings were sectioned into 5 mm pieces, rinsed with tap water, and surface-disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite. The pieces were then rinsed three times with sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, and cultured on potato dextrose agar medium containing 20 mg/L chloramphenicol and 50 mg/L streptomycin. The PARP medium was also used to isolate potential oomycetes involved in root rot. The grown fungi were morphologically identified using standard taxonomic keys and then definitively identified using molecular methods (sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, elongation factor, large subunit of ribosomal DNA, and various regions of cytochrome oxidase). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on healthy seedlings to confirm the role of the isolated fungi in causing the disease. The results of this study revealed that the fungal species Phytopythium litorale, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium redolens, and Diaporthe amygdali were the most important pathogens causing root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in the studied nurseries. Re-isolation of these species from infected tissues was performed to fulfill Koch's postulates. Phylogenetic analysis placed our species in monophyletic groups with other valid species obtained from the GenBank of other countries. The findings of this study confirm the importance of root rot and seedling mortality diseases in threatening the survival of Iranian oak seedlings. The identification of pathogens is a crucial step in managing and controlling these diseases. The results of this study can be used in planning for the production of healthy seedlings and managing diseases in Iranian oak nurseries. Furthermore, more studies are needed to investigate the factors affecting the spread of these diseases and to develop biological control methods.

   Oak dieback disease caused by the fungus Paecilomyces formosus threatens oak trees in the Zagros forests in western Iran. Various insects, such as wood-infesting beetles (Coleoptera), may play a role in dissemination of P. formosus. We collected larvae and adult insects from branch wood of oak trees with dieback symptoms in the Zagros forests. For larval identification, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COXI) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fungal isolates from wood and insects collected from the sampled oaks were identified by morphology, acid production on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) medium, phylogeny of DNA sequence data for the ?-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. To detect P. formosus in larvae and adult insects, we used a nested PCR assay with the species-specific primer pairs PaMF and PaMR. The insects that most often tested positive for P. formosus were larvae of the buprestids Acmaeodera sp. and Chrysobothris affinis, and larvae of the cerambycid Trichoferus campestris. Adults of C. affinis and Calchaenesthes diversicolis (Cerambycidae), which were collected from within their galleries, also tested positive. Beetle larvae of Anthaxia sp. (Buprestidae), Latipalpis plana (Buprestidae), Monochamus sp. (Cerambycidae) and Crypticus gibbulus (Tenebrionidae) also tested positive. Larvae that tested negative for P. formosus were species of Cossidae (Lepidoptera), Elateridae (Coleoptera), Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera) and Syrphidae (Diptera). Future research is needed to determine whether any of these insects can serve as vectors of P. formosus. These results can be used to target-specific insects for monitoring.

Fungal pathogens are one of the factors that cause damage in agricultural products. Volatile compounds and other bacterial metabolites by inducing resistance in plants are considered as a promising alternative to chemical toxins and management of plant pathogens. Light regulation is one of the strategies to control plant pathogens and is one of the key factors in regulating the growth, development and response to stresses in plants, bacteria and fungi. In this research, the effect of full, red, blue, far-red, UVA, green and dark light spectrums on the physiological characteristics of the B. pumilus INR7 antagonist bacteria, including types of bacterial movements, population growth, biofilm formation, changes in intensity, and the type of volatile compounds released And also its effect on the growth of plant pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola in laboratory conditions and their interaction were investigated. The results showed that the light spectrum has a significant effect on the physiological characteristics of the antagonistic bacteria, so that the red light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect on twitching and swimming movement, the dark has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on the swarming movement, the green light spectrum It has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on population growth, the green light spectrum has the most effect and other spectrums together with darkness have the same effect on biofilm formation, as well as light spectrums separately cause changes in the intensity and also the type of volatile compounds released by the antagonistic bacteria. became Electron microscopic photography of the antagonist bacteria grown in the vicinity of light and dark spectrum showed that the UVA light spectrum and darkness caused the antagonist bacteria cells to stick to each other as well as the formation of biofilm. Full light spectrums and UVA have also increased the size of bacterial cells compared to darkness. The light spectrums were also effective on the physiological characteristics of the pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola, so that the blue light spectrum caused growth and darkness caused a reduction in the size and area of the pathogenic fungus. The full spectrum of light, UVA, red, green and blue had a similar effect and darkness caused a decrease in the population of pathogenic fungal spores per milliliter. On the other hand, the light spectrum of UVA increased and darkness decreased the growth of pathogenic fungi in the presence of antagonistic bacteria in dual culture. Also, the green light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect in comparison with the full spectrum and darkness in the growth of the pathogenic fungus in the presence of the volatile compounds of the antagonist bacteria.  

Abstract Members of the genus Bacillus are considered effective and useful microorganisms in controlling plant pathogens. By producing antibiotics and volatile compounds, Bacillus isolates prevent the growth of mycelium and reduce the spore germination capacity. These bacteria also induce plant resistance against pathogens. Nevertheless, the production of efficient and long-lasting commercial products has been a constant challenge in the production of biological agents. The aims of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of several Bacillus isolates in suppression of strawberry gray mold in the laboratory, and the possibility of preparing microcapsule formulations of effective isolates using biocompatible materials. Different isolates of Bacillus were prepared from the microbial collection of the Iranian plant protection research institute and their effectiveness in inhibiting strawberry gray mold disease with Botrytis cinerea agent was evaluated in vitro and also in greenhouse conditions on strawberry plants inoculated with the pathogen. Then the inhibitory ability of the isolates was evaluated and the best isolates with the highest efficiency were selected and their microcapsule formulation was prepared and evaluated. The microcapsule was prepared using biocompatible alginate compounds and natural minerals, and after its preparation, the release process, durability and resistance to environmental conditions were investigated. The optimal microcapsule based on the results obtained from the structural chemistry analysis and evaluation in laboratory conditions was chose for in planta tests. At the end, the properties of the resulting microcapsules were evaluated in the control of strawberry gray mold disease. Key word: Postharvest, slow release, bioretention, microencapsulation, Botrytis cinerea   

Pepper (Capsicum annum) from the Solanaceae family is one of the most important vegetable summer crops that is cultivated in different parts of the world. Pepper plants are attacked by many pests such as insects, bacteria, viruses and fungi. Many fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Verticellum, Alternaria, etc. cause disease in pepper. Common fungal diseases include seed rot, seedling damping off, root rot, stem base rot, etc. To prevent the damage caused by fungal diseases, farmers mainly rely on the use of chemical fungicides, which are efficient and fast-acting, but this is at the expense of human health and the environment, prompting experts to look for successful alternatives and their way. find for biological control in which they use a biological agent against a pathogenic fungus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fungi that attack the pepper plant roots and to investigate the effect of T. longibrachiatum as a biological control method and fungicides as a chemical method on the fungi that cause pepper root rot. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of pathogenic fungi against the isolated disc of T. longibrachiatum on PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of treatments including the control alone (without pathogenic fungi and T. longibrachiatum), Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, T. longibrachiatum, Beltanol fungicide and the treatment of pathogenic fungi together with T. longibrachiatum. The effect of the treatments on two soil groups, including sterilized and non-sterilized soils, was done in three repetitions, which formed a total of 12 samples of the statistical population of this study. The effects of the treatments on the characteristics of root and stem length, wet and dry weight of root and stem were measured in greenhouse conditions. The data obtained from the measurements were analyzed using the LSD test comparison between groups (sterilized and non-sterilized soil) at the 5% level. Based on the results of internal transcribed space (ITS) sequencing and PCR, the species of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia fungi included F. solani and R. solani, respectively. T. longibrachiatum had a high antagonistic ability with F. solani and R. solani. The treatment of T. longibrachiatum fungus and Beltanol fungicide reduced the pathogenic effect of F. solani and R. solani, so the measured growth indices increased in the presence of these treatments. respectively, the highest and lowest characteristics of the measured sizes were observed in the treatment of T. longibrachiatum and pathogenic fungi F. solani and R. solani. By adding T. longibrachiatum to samples infected with R. solani along with F. solani in non-sterile soils, the dry weight of the stem increased by 744.17%. Based on the results of the laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of F. solani and R. solani, therefore T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by F. solani and R. solani has root rot of pepper. The effect of T. longibrachiatum fungus was higher compared to Beltanol fungicide in inhibiting the pathogenic agent. Therefore, it is recommended to use biological control method instead of chemical control.

   Abstract Accurate identification of host species is very important for disease diagnosis and adopting the correct disease management strategy. Paecilomyces formosus species, the cause of red rot and decay of oak, is an emerging threat that may put Iran's Zagros forests in serious danger in the future. In this study, the nested polymerase chain reaction with PaMF and PaMR specific primers designed by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed region of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS of P formosus species and other close arrays were used to detect this species. For this purpose, sampling of forest trees with symptoms of red rot was done in two provinces of Kermanshah and Ilam. Paecilomyces isolates were identified using morphological characteristics, acid production on keratin sucrose agar culture medium and sequencing of the rDNA-ITS region and part of the betatubulin gene. By using nested polymerase chain reaction, the 441 bp band was exclusively amplified from P. formosus genomic DNA, and no band was observed for other species, including P. variotii species. The nested polymerase chain reaction method can detect 100 pg of P. formosus genomic DNA. Sixty trees from seven areas in the Zagros forests were evaluated with red rot symptoms. This is the first report of P. formosus pathogenicity in Paliurus spina-christi trees. In addition, the severity of the disease was measured on 11 tree species at three different temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 degrees Celsius. The severity of the disease caused by all the isolates on the branches isolated at 35°C was higher than at 15 and 25°C. This study presents the host range of this pathogen and shows that these potential hosts are susceptible to the pathogen at the high temperatures that forest trees have experienced in recent decades.

The current study included the isolation and identification of fungi associated with the seeds of wheat and barley plants, which are considered important agricultural crops globally, where the isolated fungi were diagnosed by traditional methods as well as by PCR method. Sequencing and phylogenetic tree were also conducted to monitor the evolutionary relationship of some fungal isolates under this study. The study also included the preparation of different concentrations of silver and zinc nanoparticles for the purpose of testing their effect on isolated fungi in in vitro (laboratory) conditions as well as in the in vivo (soil). The results of our current study showed the superiority of superficially sterilized seeds over non-superficially sterilized seeds in terms of the number and frequency of isolated fungi, which included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizupus oryzae, Alternaria alternata, and Alternaria solani. In wheat seeds the fungus A. niger was the most frequent in both sterile and non-superficially sterilized seeds where it was 28% and 37.8%, respectively, while in barley the fungus Rhizopus oryzae was the most common with 17% and 55.3% , respectively. The molecular biological study also revealed that our isolates are close to genuine isolates from Pakistan (A. niger), India (A. terreus and A. solani), China and America (A. fumigatus and R. oryzae). The genetic study using PCR, gene sequencing, and a phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolates were identical to the traditional screening that relied on phenotypic traits (A. parasiticus). The current study demonstrated the existence of various effects of zinc and silver nanoparticles in plates (well diffusion method), as treatment of all concentrations (5, 10 and 15 percent) did not significantly differ from one another, but it gave an inhibition that reached above in the fungus A. niger at a concentration of 15 percent for silver nanoparticles, where it reached 11.33 mm, even though these particles gave a clear inhibition. The effect of treatment with nanoparticles was varying on the germination rate of wheat and barley seeds in the plates, the seeds gave a germination rate of 100% when using silver nanoparticles for both wheat and barley, but the zinc nanoparticles gave a germination rate of 96.6% at concentration of 15% for wheat, while the rest of the concentrations gave a germination rate of 100% for both wheat and barley. Regarding the root and peduncle, they were impacted by the nanoparticle treatments mentioned above. The treatment of barley seeds with a concentration of 5 percent silver nano, where the length of the stem was 30 mm, had the greatest impact. Except for the treatment of zinc nanometers on the root in barley, which gave a significant germination rate than in the comparison, and the concentration of 5 percent nano silver on the peduncle, all treatments of the seeds in field experiments gave the dusty and non-dusty seeds a single germination rate, which is 100 percent. All nanoparticle coefficients were also significantly influential. Key words: Fungi, Molecular identification, Nanoparticles, Pesticides, Iraq.

Capped mushrooms form a large group of basidiomycota fungi, which are called gilled mushrooms in English. The term agaric fungi is used for fungi of the order Agaricales, which have umbrella-shaped and fleshy basidiocarps, and usually consist of a cap and a base. This group of fungi decomposes rotten wood and returns useful substances to the soil, and also plays a role in destroying sick and weak trees. A group of these mushrooms are important in terms of nutrients and medicine, and some can cause disease, biological control, or poisoning. during a survey of Agaric mushrooms of Dalaho, determine the toxic and deadly habitat in the region, check the presence of suitable species for artificial cultivation, saprophit species in the Dalaho highlands and suurounding plains, conduted from 2019 to 2021, About 104 specimens of Agaric Fungi were collected. The specimens were examined based on macroscopy features (shape of pileus and stipe, the presence or absence of volva at the base stip ,   the presence or absence of   a ring on the stip, gill attachment, the spore print color, etc.) and microscopic properties (shape and type of hypha, the presence or absence of clamp connection, shape, color and size of basidiospore, shape and size basidiospore, shape and size cystidia, ect). after examining these characteristics, the specimens were dried by a dehydrator and then kept in a freezer at -20°C for two weeks in order to eliminate possible pests. Then the samples were placed in zipped plastic bags, and while assigning a herbarium code to each specimens, one specimens was sent to herbarium of fungi, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. In order to complete the morphological identification, the specimens were analyzed molecularly. In this study, ITS intra-ribosomal transcribed region, which includes ITS1, 5.8S coding gene, and ITS2, was used. Out of 104 collected specimens, 75 specimens were analyzed and 29 specimens were excluded due to insufficient number of samples. The studied specimens belong to 20 genera and 26 species. Among the identified species, five species including Melanoleuca exscissa, Peziza varia, Suillellus luridus, Tubaria co  ersa, Tulosesus impatiens, are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province and five species including   Coprinellus bipellis, Coprinopsis strossmayeri, Leucocalocybe mongolica, Meottomyces dissimulans, Mycena zephirus are new for the Iranian Flora.  

   Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops that is widely cultivated all over the world.   Among the things that make tomato production difficult, the parasitic weed broomrape is one of the main threats.   Although so far different strategies have been used to control broomrape, but; None of them have succeeded in completely curbing it. What is of interest today to control weeds, including the broomrape parasite, is the use of several management methods in the form of integrated control. In the present study, three types of manure and four species of endomycorrhizal fungi were used in three experiments in a completely randomized design to control the broomrapes. In the first two experiments, the role of animal manures and mycorrhizal species was investigated separately. In the first experiment, the species Funneliformis mosseae, significantly compared to other treatments, succeeded in reducing the number and dry weight of broomrape. Among the types of animal manure used in the second experiment, cow manure had a significant effect on the reduction of dry weight and the number of flowers. Finally, the results of the combination of cow manure at two different levels with F.mosseae in the third experiment showed the positive effect of combining the lower level of manure with mycorrhizae in the emergence of stalks, the number and dry weight of broomrapes on tomato plants.

   One of the most important topics in mycological sciences is the topic of identifying nonedible mushrooms and identifying them from edible mushrooms. Today, the number of people who get poisoned by consuming nonedible mushrooms is increasing. As a result, the detection and separation of edible mushrooms from nonedible ones is of great importance. Considering the research in this field and the need to perform high-cost and somewhat inaccessible tests such as GC, methods should be sought. It was an alternative to these tests. The method of artificial intelligence and electronic nose is a non-destructive and accessible method with a much lower cost compared to GC. In fact, the purpose of this experiment is to study an olfactory system to distinguish edible mushrooms from poisonous mushrooms based on electronic nose technology and to help maintain health and treat diseases and reduce poisoning caused by poisonous mushrooms. Therefore, in this research, an olfactory system was used to detect and identify edible and nonedible mushrooms. ANN methods, PCA principal component analysis, LDA linear discriminant analysis, QDA 2nd degree linear discriminant analysis and SVM support vector machine were used to analyze the data obtained from the olfactory system. The classification of the data obtained from the signals obtained from the sensor array showed that the LDA, QDA and ANN methods have a very good performance in separating mushrooms based on their edible and nonedible nature and high accuracy in classification. Obtained. The use of QDA method to separate and classify different types of edible and nonedible mushrooms was more effective and accurate than LDA method.

   Fig, with the scientific name Ficus carica L., is a perennial treasure plant. Among the producing countries, Iran ranks fifth in the world with the production of 107,791 tons of figs in 2021. Also, in 2021, the main producing provinces of wet farming figs include Fars, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Markazi, Semnan, and Zanjan. The amount of wet farming fig production in 2021 in Kermanshah province was 1787 tons. Fig cultivation areas in Kermanshah province based on the highest production include the cities of Dalahu (Rijab), Paveh, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Gharb, Harsin, Kermanshah and Islamabad. The fig plant, like other agricultural products, hosts many pests and diseases, among which fig mosaic disease can be mentioned. Based on the research conducted by the researchers, it has been shown that the effective factors in the occurrence of fig mosaic disease include viruses and viroids, all or some of them may be involved in the occurrence of symptoms of this disease in fig trees. Among the viral agents involved in this disease, we can mention fig mosaic virus (Emaravirus fici). This virus can be semi-permanently transmitted by cuttings and tra  lants of infected trees, as well as by the eriophyde mite Aceria ficus, but it is not transmitted by seeds and pollen grains. During the years2021and 2022, 129 samples were collected from nine cities of Kermanshah province (Eslamabad-e-Gharb, Paveh, Dalahoo, Sarpol-e-Zahab, Sahneh, Qasreshirin, Kermanshah, Gilanegharb and Harsin). These samples were examined by DAS-ELISA test and with IgG antiserum prepared by Iran's Herbal Medicine Research Institute (Tehran, Iran). Out of 128 fig samples tested, 86 samples were infected with fig mosaic virus. Based on the tests, out of 116 samples with symptoms of fig mosaic disease, 81 samples (equivalent to 70%) were infected with fig mosaic virus. Also, among the 12 samples without signs of fig mosaic disease, five samples showed positive results in the serological test. In order to investigate the transmission of fig mosaic virus, grafting was done between two-year-old fig cuttings and infected cuttings that were selected from fig trees in Kermanshah province. After observing the first signs of fig mosaic disease, DAS-ELISA test was performed for all the tra  lanted seedlings and after the detection of fig mosaic virus in some of the tra  lanted seedlings, in order to ensure the accuracy of the result obtained from the DAS-ELISA test, a molecular test was performed base on nucleic acid (RT-PCR) for infected plants. In the RT-PCR test, a fragment with an approximate size of 302 bp was amplified from a pair of E5 specific primers for 20 fig samples. Among the received nucleotide sequences, 19 sequences (except for OQ552542), in BLAST search, showed the most similarity with the sequence of an isolate from Lorestan province (KT732024) (nucleotide similarity between 93.4 and 96.8%). The sequence of isolate FM203 (resem. OQ552542) was different from the rest of the isolates, so that its nucleotide identity with 19 other sequences was 86.6 to 90.2%. This sequence showed the most similarity with the sequence of isolate T7 from Kermanshah province (number MH475441) and then with isolates from Golestan, Lorestan and Mazandaran provinces (90.1 to 91.5% nucleotide identity). In the phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the RdRp coding region, 19 sequences of the obtained sequences (except the sequence OQ552542), together with an isolate from Lorestan province (the sequence KT732024) were placed in the same group, but the isolate FM203 (the sequence OQ552542) was placed outside the group. In this study, the distribution of fig mosaic virus in fig orchards of Kermanshah province was investigated by serological detection (DAS-EISA) and nucleic acid-based molecular method (RT-PCR).

The tomato plant with the scientific name Solanum lycopersicum from the Solanaceae family is economically one of the most important agricultural products in many countries, including Iran. The tomato plant is exposed to the damage of various factors, including plant pathogens, among which viral diseases are very important. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) from the genus Tobamovirus is one of the most destructive viruses infecting vegetables. This virus has a wide host range between agricultural and non-agricultural plants. During the years 1397 to 1399, from the farms of Kermanshah province located in the cities of Kermanshah (Kozran, Baladarband, Sarab Yaori, Halshi and the farm inside the faculty), Islamabad (Shiyan), Qasr Shirin (Shaherek Shahid Decami), Mahidasht, Sahneh (Dinor), Ravansar (Hasanabad) ), Sanghar (Sahnaleh), Kangavar (Fesh), and Harsin (Biston) of Kermanshah province were collected and some tomato greenhouses of Kermanshah province located in Kermanshah (Qzanchi), Islamabad (Shiyan Castle, Kat Kati) and Mahidasht cities were sampled. The presence of ToMV infection in the samples was investigated by DAS-ELISA method using polyclonal antibody manufactured by DSMZ (code AS-0104). The results were evaluated according to the color of the wells compared to positive and negative controls and positive samples were identified. A number of samples that were detected as infected by DAS ELISA were selected for further work The reaction of benchmark plants was investigated using mechanical inoculation in the greenhouse. The contamination of some samples was confirmed by total RNA extraction and then RT-PCR molecular test. In this test, general primers of tobamoviruses (F-3666 and R-4718) were used. The expected band with a size of about 700 bp was obtained for the infected samples. The obtained synonyms were registered in GenBank (accession number OM460705 for AE293 isolate and OM460706 for AE298 isolate). A genealogical tree was drawn using the sequences available in GenBank. The sequences of two ToMV isolates from Kermanshah province were placed in the same group with ToMV isolates and showed the highest similarity (respectively, 99.5 and 99.8% sequence identity) with a tomato mosaic virus isolate (number LC650928) reported from tomato plants in Japan. They showed that. . In total, the results of ELISA, inoculation and RT-PCR tests proved the existence and widespread distribution of tomato mosaic virus in the tomato fields of Kermanshah, Qasrshirin, Harsin, Sahne, Ravansar and Islamabad cities   

sampling was done during the spring of 2017-2019. After the morphological identification of the samples, molecular identification of the samples was carried out using universal ITS1/ITS4 primers. Four species including Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi, Geopora cooperi and Geopora ramila were identified among the collected samples. The species G. cooperi was the first report for the fungal flora of Iran and the species G. ramila was described as a new species for the world. G. cooperi had a mycorrhizal association with pine (Pinus eldarica) and G. ramila had a mycorrhizal association with Helianthemum ledifolium. Confirming the mycorrhizal association between these two species requires more molecular and greenhouse studies. Mycorrhizal association of two species T. claveryi and T. pinoyi with four host plant species including Cistus ladanifer, C. laurifolius, Helianthemum almeriense and H. lippii was investigated in greenhouse conditions. The obtained results showed that T. pinoyi forms ectendomycorrhiza with the four mentioned plant species. The best mycorrhizal association between T. pinoyi and T. claveri with H. lippii respectively was 90% and 87%   mycorrhizal and 57.85% and 48.18% relative mycorrhizal. The species T. claveri also formed ectendomycorrhiza with different degrees of development of sheath with four plant species.   y preparing specific primers for the internal transcribed Ribosomal DNA for T. pinoyi species (FTiPi/RTiPi) and T. claveryi species (FTeCl/RTeCl) were confirmed in the nested PCR, the mycorrhizal association of these two species with four host plant species.   

  Among the pests that cause the most damage toedible button mushrooms, the mushroom-eating mosquito Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz), from the order of Diptera, can be mentioned, which is considered one of the most important and damaging pests of edible mushrooms. Considering the resistance of L. auripila mosquito to common pesticides, it is necessary to find new effective insecticides to control this pest. In this study, the sensitivity of whole insects of fungus gnats to the organic insecticides Bino1 and Tendaxir was evaluated separately and in combination. Biometric experiments in this research were carried out in Petri dishes covered with soil. LC10, LC50 and LC90 for Binu 1 insecticide after 48 hours were calculated as 0.605, 75.37 and 9391.12 ppm, respectively, and also the required concentration of Tendaxir insecticide to reach 50 The percentage of losses in 24 and 48 hours was 2762.097 and 237.73 ppm respectively (according to the effective substance). According to the results of mixing two pesticides for sub-lethal and lethal concentrations after 24 hours, it was observed that among the different ratios, the ratio of 6:4 (Tendaxir: Binu 1) was the best mixing ratio of two pesticides, and considering that the synergistic rate (R ) for its LC90 concentration was equal to 109.035 and also its mixing index (CI) was equal to 0.009, it was found that this ratio of mixing two pesticides after 24 hours had the most synergistic effect in controlling Lycoriella auripila

In terms of annual production rank, potato plant is after plants such as wheat and rice and is one of the valuable sources of human food, especially in developing countries. Various fungal diseases cause damage to the organs of the potato plant, which reduces the yield and quality of the potato crop. Some of these pathogens can cause symptoms such as canker and caries. One of these pathogens is Paramyrothecium. In order to investigate the morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics of Paramyrothecium isolates along with potato stem canker, sampling was performed on four potato cultivation plots from the research farms of Razi University of Kermanshah in August and September 2017. Sampling of plants with signs of leaf spot, fruit rot, stem, crown and root was done randomly from four farms on the Facultaty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. From each field, 5 infected samples were collected. After isolating and purifying Paramyrothecium, the reaction of 20 species from 9 plant families to this fungus and also the severity of pathogenicity in five tobacco samples were measured. The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics of 20 purified isolates, all belonged to P. roridum. According to phylogenetic analysis of two selected fungal isolates among these isolates, using sequences related to ?-tubulin and ITS region, the results showed that these two isolates were 98% similar to P. roridum CBS37250 isolates. And P. roridum CBS21295 and P. roridum ZB1 and P. roridum

  Take-all is among the most important wheat diseases worldwide. The present study assessed the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyi on controlling this disease in wheat ‘Pishgam’ cultivar for the first time. In this regard, a greenhouse experiment was conducted based on the completely randomized design with the treatments of control, nitrogen+phosphorus fertilizers (100 and 200 mg/kg urea, and 50 and 100 mg/kg triple superphosphate) alone and their combination with pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis and endophytic fungus M. bolleyi. Then, root dry and shoot fresh weight, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll level, as well as the percentage of root contamination were measured. Based on the results, root dry and shoot fresh weight, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll content were significantly maximized following the treatments containing urea and triple superphosphate at various levels, and endophytic fungus (p<0.05). In terms of pathogenesis control, about 46% decrease was observed in take-all disease among the wheat receiving urea+triple superphosphate alone.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a perennial plant of the Fabaceae family and an important fodder crop in the world. Bean leafroll virus causes many damages and reduces the yields by 30% or more in plants of the Fabaceae family.   This virus is one of the most important pathogens of alfalfa and in addition to reducing the yield of infected plants, it causes stunting and yellowing symptoms. Bean leafroll virus is being transmitted by aphids in a persistent, circulating, and non-propagating manner. Due to the importance of alfalfa and lack of knowledge about the status of infection with this virus in alfalfa fields in Kermanshah Province, this study was conducted to detect the virus in alfalfa fields in some parts of the Province. Samples were collected from alfalfa and chickpea farms in different parts of Kermanshah Province (farms of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University in Kermanshah, Geravand village, Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, Islamabad, Gilan-Gharb, Kangavar, Ravansar, and Sahneh). The leaves of alfalfa and chickpea plants that showed yellowing symptoms were selected and tested using DSMZ antibodies (including IgG code AS-0142 and specific monoclonal antibody code AS-227/1) by the TAS-ELISA method. Among 157 samples tested, 17 tested positive in the ELISA test, including 12 samples of alfalfa (from Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, and Faculty of Agriculture) and 5 chickpea samples (from Dinavar and Faculty of Agriculture). In the aphid transmission test by Aphis fabae, the infection was transmitted from alfalfa to Vicia faba. In this study, Bean leafroll virus was detected for the first time in the alfalfa fields of Kermanshah Province.   

Tomato root-knot nematode caused by Meloidogyne javanica is one of the most destructive tomato diseases in Iran and the world, which has also spread in Kermanshah province in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition of this disease using plant growth promoting bacteria and defence-inducing compounds. For this purpose, two separate experiments were designed. In one experiment, resistance-inducing compounds at a concentration of 100 ?M and bacterial strains with a population of 1 × 109 CFU /mL were sprayed on the plants aerial parts. Plants growth indices and factors related to nematodes reproduction and pathogenicity were assessed 70 days after planting. In the second experiment, the root split method was exploited to investigate the effect of induction of systemic resistance mechanism in suppression of root knot nematode. The roots of the plant were split into two parts and placed in two separate pots. Bacterial strains were added to one pot and the J2 larvae of the pathogen were added to the other pot. In the spray experiment, benzothiadiazole compound as the best treatment in suppression of the pathogen was able to reduce the gall, egg mass, egg and J2 number up to 98, 99, 97,45% in compared to the infected control, respectively. Treatment with benzothiadiazole increased aerial parts length by 68.1% compared to the infected control. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots and fresh and dry weight of roots were achieved in treatment with methyl salicylate, benzothiadiazole, acetoin respectively. In root split experiment, treatment with B. pumilus INR7 had the greatest effect in reducing the number of egg masses, number of eggs and the number of J2 larvae, but B. velezensis FOL was the best strain in reducing the number of galls on the root. In this experiment, the highest amount of shoot length and root fresh weight was achieved in B. pumilus INR7 strain and the highest amount of shoot fresh and dry weight and root dry weight was recorded in B. velezensis FOL. Based on the results of this study, the best method of application of growth-promoting bacteria is their application in soil and rhizosphere environment. Overall, application of plant growth promoting bacteria and is promising stragy in management of tomato root knot nematode.   

identification of amylase producing   thermophilic fungi from soil and composting inKermanshah province (West of Iran) AbstractAn investigation was carried out on the occurrence ofthermotolerantand thermophilic fungi soil samples collected from cultivated andnatural regions in Kermanshah province, municipal waste compost and mushroomcompost, 2017–19. Fungal isolates were recovered using the soil dilution platemethod on potato dextrose agar at 45 and 50 °C. Totally, 24 fungal isolateswere obtained from soil and compost. DNA extraction was carried out using aGenomic DNA Purification kit. The ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 (ITS) Regions wereamplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Fragments about 500–700 bp wereamplified and after sequencing deposited in GenBank. Based on morphologicalcharacters and sequence data of the the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA,these fungi were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusnidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusterrus, Melanocarpus albomyces*, Malbrancheacinnamomea*, Thermomyces dupontii*, Thermomyceslanuginosus*, and Thielavia arenaria*. Asterisksindicate species that are the new records for the mycobiota of Iran. Thefrequency of thermophilic and thermotolarant fungi in municipal waste compost was higher than soil(agricultural and virgin) and Aspergillus species were the most abundantfungi identified in this study. In the present study, Aspergillus fumigatuswas the most abundant among Aspergillus species isolated from soil andtwo types of compost including mushroom and municipal waste compost.This species had a favorable growth at atemperature of 45 degrees Celsius and due to its better growth in thetemperature range of 25-45 degrees, it is considered thermotolerant. In thisstudy, 24 isolates were isolated from soil (cultivated and uncultivated) andtwo types of compost (municipal waste compost and mushroom compost).   Eleven isolates belonged to soil samples andnine isolates belonged to compost samples of municipal waste and four isolatesbelonged to compost samples of fungi, respectively. In order to identifyamylase-producing isolates, the obtained isolates were cultured on agar starchmedium and placed in three replications at different temperatures of 40, 45 and50 °C. After 48 to 72 hours of growth of isolates, the colony was flooded with Logolsolution. In this study, a clear halo was observed around the colony of allisolates except for two species of Thialavia arenaria and Melanocarpusalbomyces, which indicates the consume of starch by the fungus and theability to produce amylase enzyme. The maximum halo belonged to the species, Thermomycessp., Malbranchea cinnamome, Thermomyces lanuginosus andThermomyces dupontii, respectively  

  Fusarium wilt of chickpea is the most common disease of this plant in Iran and around the world. Kermanshah province has the first rank in areaunder cultivation and yield of this crop in Iran. The main cause of Fusarium stem rot andleaf yellowing of chickpeas in Kermanshah province is Fusarium. redolens. This soil- borne fungus has widehost range and it control is difficult by chemical methods. The use of plant probiotics is also a promising way to control disease and increase plant growth. In this study, 13 plant probiotics isolates were studied to control Fusarium wilt disease andits effect on chickpea plant growth in soil and Peat mosses beds undergreenhouse condition. The effect of isolates were investigated on freshand dry weight of roots and aerial parts and suppression of disease severity. GBO3 had the highest effect onroot weight (32.27g) and FOL with a weight of (24.23g) had the highest effectin Peat mosses bed and INR7 isolate (29.36 g) had the highest aerial partson aerial parts weight in the soil substrate. Isolate 19 (44.41 g) had the highest root weightmost effective isolates. Also in soil bed 21 with 41 g root dry weight andweight. In Peat mosses bed and the presence of pathogen, isolate 29 with 1.29 groot dry weight and isolate 19 with 1.29 g aerial parts dry weight were the GBO3 with 68.75% in Peat mosses bed and isolate 19 with 50%, P2 with 37.5% andisolate 19 with 1.15 g aerial parts dry weight were the most effectiveisolates. In biocontrol, isolates 19, 13, 29, B124, VELZ, P2 with 75% and isolates 21 andthe highest effect on Biocontrol.isolates GBO3, INR7 and B124 with 31.35% in the soil substrate inhibited thedisease, significantly. Indigenous isolates 21 and 19 in both substrates had    Keywords: Fusarium wilt of chickpea, plant probiotics, Biocontrol

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary substances of probiotic bacteria whose role in plant growth and control of plant diseases has been proven. Bacterial volatiles have high vapor pressure and react rapidly in the environment; the purpose   of this study was to formulate volatile compounds by modeling from other sciences. Initially, a greenhouse test was carried out to control the disease caused by Gaeumannomyces tritici. The highest reduction of disease than the control was observed in benzothiazole and acetone treatments, which reduced the disease index by 60.9 and 57.4%, respectively. Sodium alginate, gum arabic-maltodextrin and iron nanoparticles were used as carriers. Electron imaging was used to ensure the appearance of the formulations prepared, the formulations being spherical and with small cavities, allowing the compound to escape with controlled release. According to spectrophotometric results, these carriers were able to hold volatile compounds for up to 14 days and FTIR was also used to confirm the volatile confinement in high carriers, which also confirmed the confinement of volatile compounds.

اعضاي جنس Polerovirus (خانواده Luteoviridae) و از جمله ويروس زردي غربي چغندر (Beet western yellows virus, BWYV) از عوامل مهم خسارت در گياهان زراعي هستند. طي سال‌هاي ???? و ???? تعداد ??? نمونه گياهي از استان كرمانشاه جمع آوري شد. اين نمونه‌ها توسط كيت تاس- الايزا دريافت شده از DSMZ مورد آزمايش قرار گرفتند. اين كيت براي رديابي چهار گون? پولروويروس شامل   WYV، ويروس زردي شلغم (TuYV)، ويروس زردي خفيف چغندر (BMYV) و ويروس سبزردي چغندر (BChV) توسعه داده شده است. از بين نمونه‌هاي آزمايش شده، ?? نمونه از گياهان مختلف پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. براي انتقال ويروس به گياهان سالم از دو گونه شته استفاده شد. در گياهان كلزا و تربچه آزمون انتقال موفقيت آميز بود و اين گياهان در آزمون تاس- الايزا پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. در آزمون IC-RT-PCR با پرايمر اختصاصي TuYV يك قطعه با اندازه تقريبي ??? جفت‌باز از نمونه‌هاي كلزا و خردل وحشي تكثير گرديد. بررسي‌هاي تكميلي به منظور توالي يابي و تعيين نوع ويروس در ديگر نمونه‌ها در حال انجام است.

   Abstract Insect pest always had a negative on the lives and human societies at different levels, including agriculture and health, and imposing economic and even social losses. In the agicultural domin in average insect pest damage to agicultural products in developed countries is estimated 18% per year. These number, of course, are much higher in less developed countries. In most part of the world for many years, the reduction of damage caused by the pest was largely basedon the use of chemical insecticides. The use of chemical pesticides has severe negative effects on the environment, non- target creatures and beneficial insects. In this regard, researchers have used safe and eco- friendly methods such as the application of various biological agents. One of these methods is the use of microbal factors, such entomopathogenic fungi. The benefit of the entomopathogenic fungi is that they have hight host expertise as well as a wide host insects vegetarian, on the other hand, for houman, the environment, non-target creatures and beneficial insects are almost safe. The purpose of this study   was to identify and isolate   the entomopathogenic fungi in Kermanshah province. Sampling from early july 2017 to late april 2018 were determined from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated in Kermanshah province. 43 samples of soil were collected from the provinces to isolate to isolate entomopathogenic fungy from the soil. For isolate entomopathogenic fungi of bait insect Ephestia kuehniella was used. The method included two kilograms of soil into glass of 200 gram, and 10 larvae were added to the glass, for a week the soil glass underway and is dead larvae were cultivated after disinfection on the potato dextrose agar(PDA). After the end of the isolation phase, 144 fungi isolate were collected from the county provinces. In which the most isolated fungi were extracted from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated soil, respectively.   In order ti ensure patogenseity isolate fungus to be test host pasage. This test was three times to ensure that insects larvae were destroyed by pathogenicity fungi. Also, in order investigate the relation between the isolate fungus and physicochemical parameters, some of these parameters such as soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity of soil (EC), lime amount (caco3), soil texture and organic carbon (OC) was studied. For morphological identification was used of the medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), sabro dextrose agar (SDA) and clove leaf extract agar (CLA). The isolates were more abundant and isolates which differed from other isolate were 20 isolate were selected for molecular identification. It was for molecular recognition of the extraction kit (zagros biodiversity ideas company) and CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). The its1-5.8s-its2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal subunit have been amplified by forward and backward primers. Result of polymerase chian reaction were confirmed by gel electrophoresis, sequencing amplified gens was done after sending them to Malaysia apical company. Obtained sequences were manually edited using bioedit software was and submitted to the gen bank and the access number was obtained for subsequent studies. After molecular identification and observation of the morphological properties, it was found that the identified fungi belonging to genus Fusarim, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Meyerozyma, Paramyrothecium, Chaetomium and Beauveria that including Aspergillius nomius*, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium sp, Penicillium solitum, Penicillium sizovae*, Penicillium sp, Alternaria chlamydosporigena, Meyerozyma guilliermondy, Paramyrothecium

Fungiare significant microorganisms influencing living organismsmulti-directionally. Fungal species can act as pathogenic agents of human,animal and plant and undergo their mortality and inexistency. Thesemicroorganisms have diverse types and are >     

Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important disease of common bean in Iran and Kermanshah Province. R. solani is a soil-borne and saprophyte pathogen with broad host range which make it hard to manage by common chemical and breeding strategies. However, biological control by probiotic bacteria is promising approach in management of this disease. Plant probiotic bacteria not only suppress the disease by producing antibiotics and inducing systemic resistance but also promote plant growth by releasing phytohormones and solubilizing essential nutrients. In this study, effect of 52 bacteria isolated from rhizosphere, 26 bacteria isolated from rhizoplan and 8 commercial strain were investigated on plant growth. Eleven isolates were screened for further studies on plant disease suppression. Bacteria isolates 40, 19, 21, 29 and Bacillus pumilus INR7 suppressed the disease up to 52, 47, 70, 37 and 80 %, respectively. Based on plant growth and disease suppression experiments, four isolate were identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA and phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that bacterial isolates 40, 19, 21 and 29 had the highest similarity with Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas geniculata, Bacillus simplex and Serratia marcescens, respectively. B. pumilus INR7 were selected for formulation studies. Effect of different macro- and micro-nutrient were investigated on biomass production, resting spore/biomass ratio, bacteria survival under 180 days storage condition and efficacy of formulated bacteria on the damping-off disease. Different concentrations of molasses and urea were investigated on biomass production. Result revealed that the highest biomass achieved at 30 and 6 g/L of molasses and urea, respectively. In next experiment, effect of some nutrient element were assessed on spore induction. The highest spore production were induced in 0.0766, 0.0081, 1,321, 0.19, 0.00013 and 0.00629 g/L of CaCl2, FeCl3, (NH4)SO4, MgCl2, ZnCl2 and MnCl2, respectively. In next step, effect of some compounds were investigated on bacteria survival under room and 4 °C. Treatment contains 0.2, 5, 20, 0.1 and 4 g/L of polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Arabic gum and glycerol was the most effective treatment in bacteria survival in both condition. The bacteria population in this treatment was 7×108 and 9×107 CFU/ml in 4 °C and room temperature after 180 days, respectively. The formulated bacteria suppressed the damping-off disease up to 72% in greenhouse condition. Keywords: Biological control, Bacillus pumilus INR7, Damping-off, Formulation, Rhizobacteria.  

  Carotenoid pigments have a widespread application in food and drug industries as color and antioxidant agents. Thus, world demand is increasing for these pigments. According to literature review, the interest to natural pigments is increasing as synthetic pigments shown adverse impact on human health. Pigment extraction from plant tissues is a time consuming and none economic procedure. So, microbial biotechnology considering as alternative approach. After microbial cell growth, pigment could be extracted by cell disruption. Application of chemical organic solvents is common procedure for pigment extraction. However, these methods are restricting because of adverse effect on consumers health. Despite, mechanical-abrasion extraction receive more attention as this method is cost effective and do not need toxic solvent. In this study, glass beads, 0.45-0.5 mm diameter, were used for carotenoid pigment extraction from the yeast Rhodotorula toruloides by means of aceton solvent in an agitating container (3000 rpm). The process was optimized by response surface procedure in Design expert software. There were three factors, glass beads (5-25 g), solvent concentration (9-21 ml), extraction time (4-8 min), and extraction temperature (10-30 °C). The parameters effect interpretation showed that solvent concentration parameter (41.6 %) and extraction time (31.6 %) had the highest impact on pigment extraction from yeast cells. 75.64 g carotenoid pigment were obtained from yeast cells in optimal condition, 10 g glass beads, 18 ml solvent, 8 min extraction time and temperature at 15 °C. As irradiation has impact on enzymes on carotenoid synthesis, the effect of irradiation in 365, 400, 400-800 and 660 nm were investigated on pigment production in yeast cells in a non continuous airlift fermenter at 30 °C. The highest effect on carotenoid production were recorded at 365 nm which increase the yield by 5.5 fold in compare to control.

  Pigments are important components in attracting customers in food products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and therefore the global demand for their production is increasing. Qualitative studies on chemical pigments show the harmful effects of these colored compounds on their consumers. Caratonoids are among the most important categories of natural pigments that are produced in plants and microorganisms. Since extraction of carotenoid pigments from plant sources is associated with long time, low yields and high production costs, using the microbiological approach while addressing these problems allows the use of industrial waste as a microorganism substrate in production. In this research, corn steep liquer extract as the only source of carbon was used for the cultiration of Rhodotorula toruloides cell. Early culture results in erlmann showed that yeast cells have the ability to grow on corn steep liquer. So kinetic modeling of growth using haldin`s equation shows the maximum growth rate (?max) , 0.056h-1 , the substrate half saturation contant (KS) ,1.54% and the (KI) contant 58.58% for this substrate was. The extraction of pigment produced in cells showed that although yeast cells have the ability to grow in a large concentration of corn extract, but when the initial concentration of corn extract was only 5%, the highest yield of color produced by 160.8 mggcell-1 after 72 h. the study of pigment production was continued in a bubble column bioreactor. Initially, discriminant culture experiments were used to determine the effect of primary population in amounts of 71.7, 232.2, 388.3 and 451.0 mgL-1 and the results showed that after 12 houres of batch operation with an initial mass loss of 451.0 mgL-1, 89% of the substrate will be consumed and the cells will enter into a phase of stationary. Due to fact that carotenoid pigments are produced as a secondary product, the effect of operating parameters was studied by considering the three parameters of fed-batch, temperature and initial pH using the design of experiments by a central compound in the bubble column bioreactor. The results showed that the specific rate of pigment production in the cell was 65.3% under the influence of fed- batch, 20.8% under the influence of temperature and 13.9% under the influence of the initial pH of the medium. By optimizing the statistical conditions of the operating conditions of the bubble column the highest rate of production of carotenoid pigmentation was obtained in 8.475 mgg-1h-1 under the following conditions, fed- batch 30 h, temperature 14?C and initial pH equal to 6.Key words: carotenoids pigmentation, Rhodotorula toruloides, corn steep liquer, bubble column bioreactors, Response surface method, optimization of operating conditions.  

  Pinus trees die-back is one of the most serious problems that presently affects the Kermanshah pinus trees. To study the cause of die-back pinus trees, infected branches were collected during growing seasons, transferred to the laboratory and processed within 24 hours. Small pieces, approximately 4 mm in size, of discolored tissues were surface disinfected by immersing in 1.5 % solution on NaOCl for 30 sec, rinsed in sterile distilled water and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar (MEA) amended with chloramphenicole (25 ?g/ml). Two hundred eighteen fungal isolates were recovered from pinus trees showing dieback symptoms. The most common fungi isolated from most diseased pinus were include Microsphaeropsi  olivacea (16 isolates), Microsphaeropsi  rotea (eight isolates) and Microdiplodia sp. (seven isolates). Numerous isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus,.Alternaria, Rhizopus Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Trichoderma were always associated with diseased pinus in Kermanshah province. The fungi were inoculated to detached stem of pinus tree. Pathogenicity of all isolates of M.  olivacea, M.  rotea and Microdiplodia  sp. were confirmed on pinus trees by artificial inoculation on detached stems in the laboratory. Disease symptoms on the detached stems in the laboratory appeared as canker. To confirm of   morphological identification, genomic DNA was extracted and a nuclear rDNA region, containing the internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S gene of rDNA (ITS) were amplified and PCR products were sequenced. Amplicon was purified, sequenced and submitted to the GenBank. The resulting sequence was submitted to a BLAST search to find most similar sequences in GenBank. The search results showed highest similarity of Iranian isolates to other isolates from GenBank.. Voucher specimens deposited in fungal collection of the Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

    AbstractDifferent species of Pythium and Phytophthora are the main causal agents of seed rots, damping-off of seedlings, root and crown rot and sudden death of cucurbits. The pathogens inflict major yield losses in cucurbits. Regarding to significant acreage of cucurbits cultivation in Kermanshah province, this study was conducted to identify the dominant Oomycetes species in cucurbits fields of the region and to investigate their phylogenetic relationships specially those isolates that have intermediate morphological states.During field visits, from May to September 2014, More than three hundreddiseased samples were collected from 86 cucurbits (cucumber, watermelon, melon and squash) fields in various parts of Kermanshah province and 347 oomyceteisolates were recovered.Species were identified based on morphological characteristics of sexual and asexual organs and colony morphology on various media. Partial cytochrome oxidase II (COX II) DNA coding sequences and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of selected isolates were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis using genetic distance method with Neighbor Joining (NJ) approach was performed using the MEGA5 software.Based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic studies, Nine Pythiumspecies (including: P. aphanidermatum,P. dissotocum,P. catenulatum, P. kashmirense,P. middletonii, P. nodosum, P. oligandrum, P. torulosum and P. ultimum), two phytopythiumspecies (Pp. mercurial and Pp. Litorale)andthree Phytophthora species (Ph. melonis, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica)were identified. P. aphanidermatum was the dominant species in cucurbit field of Kermanshah province and nearly 48 percent of oomycetes isolates were belonged to the species.This is the first report of Pp. mercurial from Iran. The association of Pp. mercurial, P. kashmirense and P. torulosum with disease symptoms in cucurbits is also reported for the first time in the world.Pathogenicity tests showed that all oomycetes species identified in this study werepathogenicat leaston some tested cucurbit plants including cucumber, watermelon, melon, cantaloupe and squash. P. aphanidermatum,P. ultimum, Pp. Litorale, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica were pathogenicon all

plants growing in farms contaminated with heavy metals may harbor endophytes that enable them to survive and grow under these conditions. The healthy roots’ samples were collected during the autumn, winter and spring seasons. The samples were transferred to the laboratory. Samples were first washed in running tap water for remove soil and debris. Pieces were surface sterilized by the immersion sequence 96% ethanol for 1 min, sodium hypochlorite (2% available chlorine v/v) for 3 min, 96% ethanol for 30 s and finally rinsed three times in sterile distilled water. culture and isolation of endophytic fungi on PDA medium supplemented with antibiotics was conducted. For molecular characterization of the fungal isolate, genomic DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification with ITS1 and ITS4 primers was performed. fungal isolate included Alternaria sp., Embellisia sp., Microdochium sp., Fusarium redolens, Fusarium tricinctum, Gibberella fujikuroi, Fusarium sp. PDA Supplemented with 0,100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 ppm concentrations of cadmium prepared for measure minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Fungus disk was placed on the center of 9 cm petri dishes and mycelium elongation was measured after 10 days. dark septate endophytes compared to other fungi were more tolerant to cadmium. Most MIC values Was related to Microdochium sp. (1000 ppm) and Lowest Was related to Fusarium sp.(200 ppm).

The rhizobacteria established around the rhizosphere, in addition to their role in growth promotion through regulation of plant hormones and production of secondary metabolites have this ability to halter the disease via production of inhibitory metabolites, induction of defense mechanisms and enhancing sensitiveness to pathogen attack in the plants. In one part of this research the effect of 107 isolates of rhizobacters from outer rhizosphere along with 68 rhizobacter isolated from tomato rhizosplan and 12 commercial isolates were studied and their application in the seed, soil and kaolin treatments in order to select the most effective isolate and treatment in plant growth was investigated. In this process 14 isolates were selected in primary and secondary screening tests of plant growth promotion. Based on our results kaolin was statistically better than seed and soil treatments but there was no significant difference between seed and soil treatments. In other part of our research phenotypical appearance of biological control through split root method and induced resistance by rhizobacters against Pythium aphanidermatum causal agent of tomato damping off was investigated. In this part of research it was concluded that rhizobacters including E-18, E-8, B-124 and 2 commercial isolates Known as Bacillus pumilus INR7 and Bacillus sp. could control the tomato damping off as 65, 75, 65, 75 and 50 percent respectively. Among these rhizobacters only 2 native isolates with code numbers E-8 and E-124 and the commercial isolate INR7 through split root method could induce the resistance in the host as 65, 75 and 75 percent respectively. After these experiments for plant growth promotion and disease controlling 5 isolates that created better results were selected and after DNA extraction, the 16S genomic region was amplified through PCR reaction and sequenced. In order to verify the identification and proximity relationship among the species, phylogenetic tree was drawn and it was concluded that the isolates B-124, E-8, E-18, E-11 and E-10 has the most similarity to Acromobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Burkholderia sp. and Acromobacter sp. respectively. In conclusion native isolates could effectively promote the growth and control the damping off disease in tomato crop as the same of commercial isolates.   Keyword: Biological control, damping off, rhizobacteria, induced resistance, split root     

قارچ­هاي آگاريك، گروه بزرگي از قارچ­هاي بازيديوميست هستند كه در طبيعت با مفهوم وسيعي تحت عنوان قارچ­هاي كلاهك دارشناخته مي­شوند.   شناسايي و طبقه‌بندي اين گونه‌ها از مهمترين بخش‌هاي آرايه‌بندي و مطالعات زيستي است و دريچه‌هاي اطلاعاتي مفيدي را پيرامون موجودات زنده از قبيل نقشه اكولوژيكي، فيزيولوژيكي، بيوشيميايي و سود و زيان اجتماعي آن مي‌گشايد. دانش ما از فيلوژني قارچ‌ها به واسطه واكنش زنجيره‌اي پليمراز به سرعت در حال افزايش است بطوريكه پيشرفت‌هاي اخير در زيست‌شناسي مولكولي و توسعه فناوري‌هايي مثل توالي يابي ژني و ژنومي، كشف و شناسايي گونه‌هاي جديد در گروه‌هاي مختلف موجودات زنده به ويژه قارچ‌ها روند افزايشي به خود گرفته است. با توجه به ناكارآمدي روش مبتني برريخت‌شناسي براي شناسايي گونه‌هاي قارچي، استفاده از تكنيك‌هاي جديد مبتني بر داده‌هاي دي. ان. اي. جايگاه خاصي را در شناسايي سريع و دقيق گونه‌هاي قارچي پيدا كرده است. بنابراين در راستاي مطالعه قارچ­هاي ماكروسكوپي استان كرمانشاه، نمونه­هاي ماكروسكوپي از مناطق مختلف جمع آوري شد. پس از بررسي هاي ريخت شناختي، دي.­ان­.اي. نمونه­ها با استفاده از كيت خالص سازي دي.­ان.­اي. ژنومي استخراج شده، نواحي توالي­هاي جدا كننده­ي نسخه برداري شده داخلي 1 و 2 و ژن 8/5 اس دي.­ان.­اي. ريبوزومي با استفاده از آغازگرهاي عمومي ITS1 و ITS4 فزون سازي گرديد. قطعات تقريبا 600 جفت بازي به دست آمده از واكنش زنجيره اي پليمراز، خالص سازي، توالي سنجي و ويرايش شده، در بانك ژن وارد گرديد. با استفاده از ابزار جستجوي   BLAST توالي­هاي آي­تي­اس دي.­ان­.اي. ريبوزومي به دست آمده با ساير آرايه­هاي معتبر مستخرج از بانك ژن مقايسه گرديد.   در نهايت 14 گونه از جمله:   Lepiota cristata (KT833859)، Lactarius glaucescens (KT833866)، Hebeloma alpinum (KT833861)، Hypholoma fasciculare (KT833860)، Pholiota gummosa (KT833858)، Psilocybe cyanescens (KT833857)، Psilocybe atrobrunnea (KT833864)، Stropharia aeruginosa (KT833865 )، Entoloma serrulatum (KT833862)، Coprinopsis atramentaria(KT833863)، Agrocybe praecox   (KT833856) و   Cyclocybe cylindracea (KT833863) با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و مولكولي و دو گونه   Boletus erythropus و   Irpex lacteus با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي شناسايي شدند.   دو گونه Hebeloma alpinum و Cyclocybe cylindracea   براي فلور قارچي ايران جديد و براي اولين بار گزارش مي شوند ضمن اينكه به جز گونه   Psilocybe atrobrunnea، بقيه گونه ها براي اولين بار از استان كرمانشاه گزارش مي­شود. در آناليز فيلوژنتيكي نيز جدايه­هاي ما با ديگر جدايه­هاي معتبر از كشورهاي ديگر به طور صحيح گروه بندي شدند.   نمونه­هاي سند در بخش گياهپزشكي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي نگه داري شدند. نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش نشان داد كه استان كرمانشاه داراي تنوع گونه اي زيادي از نظر قارچ­هاي كلاهدار است و تحقيقات بيشتري در خصوص شناسايي كلي اين قارچ ها بايد صورت بگيرد.