Marzieh Alizadeh

   The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a key storage pest of legumes in tropical regions such as Iran, with losses reaching up to 90% during storage. Damage includes seed weight reduction, perforation, and secondary contamination. Using chemical insecticides such as malathion and thiamethoxam in storage faces challenges, including pest resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, integrated pest management (IPM) with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae is proposed to reduce the use of these insecticides. These fungi control pests by penetrating the cuticle and producing degradative enzymes, but their slow action requires a combination with insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the individual efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (selected isolate) and two commonly used insecticides, thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid) and malathion (an organophosphate), as well as their interactions on adult C. maculatus under laboratory conditions. After determining lethal and sublethal doses and other toxicological parameters using probit models for single agents, the impact of simultaneous application of the fungus with sublethal insecticide doses was assessed. Analytical methods such as the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) and combination analysis models were used to evaluate the type of interaction (synergistic, additive, or antagonistic). The laboratory methodology included Iranian-native fungal isolates, pest rearing on chickpea (28°C, 75% RH), bioassays at various concentrations, and statistical analysis of synergy. Results showed that the selected fungal isolates were highly virulent; B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused 70-85% mortality at 10^6-10^7 conidia/mL concentrations. In seed treatment, insecticides were more effective with thiamethoxam, having a lower LD50. Regarding compatibility, sublethal insecticide doses (LD25) had only minor adverse effects on mycelial growth (10-15% reduction), sporulation (20% reduction), and conidial viability (80-90% retained), with malathion being more compatible than thiamethoxam. Regarding mixtures, results showed that combining the fungus with LC25 of insecticides induced synergy, raising mortality to 90-95% and reducing lethal time from 7-10 days to 4-6 days. The interaction between thiamethoxam at a sublethal dose and M. anisopliae produced the most potent synergistic effect. This indicates that a very low dose of thiamethoxam (about one-quarter of LD50) amplified the fungus's pest-killing ability by more than threefold. This synergy is likely due to neonicotinoids weakening the insect's immune system, facilitating fungal penetration. Native isolates are effective, and co-application reduces pesticide use by 50-70%, manages resistance, and preserves the environment. Synergism is due to the weakening by insecticides and easier fungal entry. Compared to similar studies, Iranian native isolates perform better. Challenges include fungal persistence at low storage humidity and the need for commercial formulations. Recommendations include field trials and integration with other IPM factors for broader application in Iranian storage systems. This study lays the groundwork for combined biological-chemical formulations to enhance food security and sustainable agriculture.    Keywords: Malathion, thiamethoxam, toxicity, mixture, synergism, antagonism, fungal fitness, integrated pest management.   

   This study was conducted to assess the transgenerational sensitivity dynamics and bioefficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis su  . kurstaki (Bt) in the control of third instar larvae of the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) over four consecutive generations. Laboratory bioassays using various concentrations of Bt were performed on the parental generation (F0) and successive progenies (F1, F2, F3). Results indicated that cumulative mortality rates and sensitivity indices—including LC50, resistance ratio (RR), and lethal dose ratios—declined significantly in later generations. The parent and first filial generations were most susceptible to Bt spores and crystals, but with continuous selection pressure, resistance development was pronounced in the second generation (RR=2.92), reaching maximum resistance in the third (RR=7.25). The LT50 values rarely reached 50% lethality except at high concentrations in the initial generation; for most treatments and especially in later generations, this threshold was not attained. Statistical modeling was used to examine the relationship between LC~50~ and LT~50~ across all generations. All models confirmed a strong positive correlation (r=0.92), demonstrating that increasing resistance or reduced sensitivity under selection pressure substantially delayed larval mortality. Nonlinear power regression (R²=0.89) and generalized linear modeling with a gamma distribution (Deviance explained=85%) further validated the robust relationship between dependent and independent variables. These findings underscore that repeated use of Bt, without resistance management strategies such as refugia, accelerates resistance development and reduces biological control effectiveness. Therefore, sustainable pest management in field conditions should include insecticide rotation, creation of Bt-free refuges, and implementation of higher, targeted concentrations. This research demonstrated rapid transgenerational resistance evolution under laboratory selection, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring and prevention of both genetic and epigenetic resistance in key pest populations under greenhouse and field conditions. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, cotton bollworm, transgenerational resistance, bioassay, successive generations, statistical modeling, biological control

  چكيده: با توجه به اهميت و نقش درختان در اكوسيستمهاي نواحي غربي كشورمان فون كنههاي پيشاستيگما كه قسمت مهمي از كنههاي آفتزاي گياهي و همچنين كنههاي شكارگر را شامل ميشوند مورد مطالعه و تحقيق قرار گرفت. براي رسيدن به اين هدف نمونهبرداريهايي از بهمن 1400 تا بهمن 1401 از شاخ و برگ و خاك و غيره درختان ميوه منطقه چرداول انجام و سپس نمونهها براي تهيه اسلايد ميكروسكوپي به آزمايشگاه انتقال يافت. در اين مطالعه در مجموع 20 گونه متعلق به 11 خانواده جمعآوري و شناسايي شدند كه گونههاي شناسايي شده در اين مطالعه به شرح ذيل است: Super Family: Tetranychoidea Donnadieu, 1876, Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913, Tenuipalpus punicae Pritchard & Baker, 1958 Tenuipalpus granti Sayed, 1946 Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875 Oligonychus sp. Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 Eotetranychus frosti (M cGrego, 1952) Super Family: Bdelloidea Family: Bdeliidae Duges, 1834 Spinibdella cronini (Baker and Balock, 1944) Family: Cunaxidae Thor, 1902 Cunaxa sp. Coleoscirus simplex (Ewing, 1917) Super Family: Tydeoidea Family: Iolinidae Peritchard, 1956 Neopronematus rapidus (Kuznetzov, 1972) Neopronematus kamali Darbemamieh-Hajiganbar, 2015 Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932) Family: Ereynetidae Oudemans, 1931 Ereynetes sp. Super Family: Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877 Family: Caligonellidae Grandjean, 1994 Molothrognathus mehrnejadi Liang & Zhang, 2015 Molothrognathus sp. Family: Raphignathidae Kramer, 1877 Raphignathus gracilic (Rack, 1962) Raphignathus sp. Super Family: Erythraeoidea Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 Erythraeus sp. Abrolophus sp. Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 Erythracarus pyrrholeucus Hermann, 1804 Super Family: Eupodoidea Family Eupodidae Koch, 1882 Eupodes sp.

   In this research, sequential sampling of different species of thrips was done in three important rangelands of Javanrud (Kermanshah province) from March 2023 to June 2023. These pastures included Deh-Sarkh (1500 meters), Massander (1370 meters) and Gandab (1270 meters). Sampling was done weekly by shaking selected plants between three sites into a white tray. Plants of the three sampling sites included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), oats (Avena fatua L), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursapastoris) and wild barley   (Hordeum spontaneum). The results showed that among the total number of 10,503 samples collected from the three sites of Javanroud, 18 species of thrips belonging to four families, including Aeolothripidae (four species), Melanthripidae (one species), Thripidae (nine species) and Phlaeothripidae (four species) were found on five abundant plant species were identified.   Among these 18 species, the four dominant species in the region were Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Melanthrips knechteli, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny). Results based on critical indicators such as Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Ds showed a difference between the three sampling sites in terms of biodiversity. Based on both Shannon- (2.76) and Simson Ds (0.93) indices, the highest diversity of thrips species is found in the Gandab pasture. The two sites of Deh Sarkh and Massander have almost similar species diversity. The equitability index (=j) for Gandab (0.95) and Deh Sorekh (0.92) was higher than Massander (0.90). The results of the Principal Component Analysis showed that the tendency of thrips species to disperse among the three regions is different from each other. The species similarity index based on the Chekanovsky coefficient showed that the highest species composition is the same between Deh Sorkh and Massander pastures, which are closer to each other in terms of height than the sea level. The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index showed that the highest biodiversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua L (2.69), H. spontaneum (2.67) and S. arvensis (2.43) plants, respectively. According to the Simson index, the highest diversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua (0.92) and H. spontaneum (0.92) plants. On the other hand, considering that the lowest Simson diversity index recorded on the rest of the plants was in the range between 0.81 and 0.88.   Therefore, all five selected plants are important host plants for thrips collected, but A. fatua, H. spontaneum   and S. arvensis plants are more key plants in relation to the biodiversity of different species of thrips in Deh-sorkh. The highest pillo uniformity index (equitability=j) in Deh Sarkh was on C. bursapastoris (0.95), in Massander on H. spontaneum   (0.95) and C. bursapastoris (0.95), and in Gandab on A. fatua (0.96) and H. spontaneum   (0.96). In all three sites of Javanroud, the highest carrying capacity in relation to multiple species of thrips was related to wild mustard plant. The similarity index results of thrips species on selected host plants based on the PCA method and the NMDS in the three sampled sites showed that R. brunneus Williams and F. intonsa (Trybom) species had a higher abundance on A. fatua in the Deh-sorkh pasture. Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) species are seen with the same abundance on S.arvensis, A. fatua   and H. spontaneum   lants.   However, the species Melanthrips knechteli

  Wheat is a strategic crop; therefore, its storage, especially in storage, encounters particular importance. The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Evert (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a crucial polyphagous pest that causes irreversible damage, especially to wheat. Biological pest control agents that can be established in warehouse conditions are essential from the point of view of healthy food production. The predatory mite Celacaropsis sp. was reported first from the Entomology lab of the Razi University of Iran in 2019; for this reason, there was little information about it. Therefore, this research was aimed to precisely evaluate the morphology of different stages, prey preference, and age stage two-sex life table of the mentioned mite on two prey species, T. granarium, and the mill moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for introducing an easy and affordable method for the mass rearing of the predator. Accordingly, it was determined that the number of mite stages is sex-dependent. Females had five stages (egg, larvae, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult), and males lacking deutonymph had four stages. Moreover, male adults had morphological dimorphism. No-choice test showed the predatory mite prefers egg to larval instars. In this condition, the predator consumed, on average, 5.9 eggs of the khapra beetle and 3.5 eggs of the mill moth during the 24-hour test, while it did not show any desire to feed on four- and five-year-old larvae and pupae. The egg of both prey species was the most preferred stage for the predator in the way that the prey preference index values (Manley's ?) were obtained at 0.76 and 0.47, respectively. In choosing between the eggs of both prey species, the predator preferred the egg of the khapra beetle to the egg of the mill moth. The life table study of predatory mite on eggs of both species showed that the percentage of pre-adult survival rate and the mean fecundity were higher in T. granarium than E. kuehniella. On the contrary, the mean of the adult pre-oviposition period was more in the mill moth treatment than in another treatment. Also, females constituted only 28% of the adult mites that had fed on E. kuehniella, while they accounted for 65% of the population in the opposite treatment. Feeding on the khapra beetle egg increased the mean of all population parameters compared with providing on the mill moth's egg and, on the contrary, decreased the mean generation time. The ratio of intrinsic mean increase (r) in T. granarium to E. kuehniella as the most critical population parameter was 3.32. This research showed that the khapra beetle egg is a desirable prey for the predatory Celacaropsis sp. and has the potential for use in the mass rearing of this mite. However, before making a definite recommendation, more studies are needed. Key words: The predatory mite, Cheyletidae, Trogoderma granarium, Ephestia kuehniella, preferred prey, two-sex life table

   Scale insects are important pests of agricultural, horticultural and forestry plants. This group of insects, has more than 8000 identified species in the world and more than 300 species in Iran. Scale insects often damage directly by feeding on plant sap; and indirectly by transmitting virus or by producing honeydew and disrupting photosynthesis. In this research, random sampling of plants and trees, was carried out in warm climatic area, including, Qasr-Shirin, Sarpol-Zahab and Gilan-Gharb regions. At the same time as collecting, recording information and field characteristics of the samples, photographing and transferring to the laboratory, some of the samples, in 75% alcohol, some for the breeding of scales and natural enemies related to them and some also mounted as microscope slides. The samples were identified using reliable sources at the genus and species level; The images and drawings of some samples, based on macroscopic and microscopic characters, were sent to the specialists for verification. In total, 14 plant scale insects from 4 families and 12 related natural enemy species were identified. Addition to the field research, the quarantine scales were divided into three categories based on location, including eight external quarantine scale species, one internal quarantine species, two species with internal quarantine potential of Kermanshah province and one species with external quarantine potential and updated. Among the samples, the species Lepidosaphes ulmi was found for the first time in the hypogeic form on the underground parts of Sorghum halepens in the world, and the species Phenacoccus solenopsis and Parthenolecanium persicae were found for the first time on wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola) and common Ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) are reported in Iran. Parlatoria crypta, Planococcus ficus and Coccus hesperidum species are reported for the first time on raurel rose (Nerium oleander), fig (Ficus sp.) and judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) respectively in Kermanshah province. In the following list, scale insects marked with one asterisk are reported for the first time from Iran and others with two asterisk are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province. Additionally, the natural enemies which associated with Kermes spatulatus marked with three asterisk are new for the science; and other natural enemies, which are marked with two asterisk, are new records for Iran. Diaspididae: Aonidiella orientalis**, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parlatoria blanchardi, Parlatoria crypta, Parlatoria pergandii**, Odonaspis sp.** Pseudococcidae: Antonina graminis** (Natural enemies: Coccinellidae: Diomus rubidus**; Nephus sp.**), Nipaecoccus viridis** (foes:­ Aphelinidae: Marietta  leopardina**; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus sp.; Anagyrus pseudococci), Phenacoccus solenopsis** (foes: Coccinellidae: Nephus bipunctatus**; Scymnus sp.; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus orbitalis**), Planococcus ficus Coccidae: Coccus hesperidum, Parthenolecanium corni, Parthenolecanium persicae Kermesidae: Kermes spatulatus* (foes: Coccinellidae: Exochomus undulatus***; Eulophidae: Aprostocetus protasovi***; Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips globiceps***) Keywords: Economic pests, morphology, external quarantine, biological control

Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world. The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is a polyphagous insect whose nymphs and adults severely reduce crop yield and cause economic damage by feeding on rapeseed. Therefore, chemical control is considered one of the best ways to manage this pest due to its immediate effect. But considering the importance of food safety and the need to protect the environment, it is better to replace reduced-risk pesticides with broad-spectrum pesticides or use a combination of these compounds. In addition, mixing insecticides is a useful solution to delay pest resistance and reduce production costs. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acetamiprid against the rapeseed false chinch bug and compare it with malathion, which is used in Iran to control this pest. The results of bioassays against adults in two application methods in greenhouse conditions showed that the insecticidal activity of both compounds as foliar spraying (Sp) is more than the soil application (SA). Also, acetamiprid was more toxic than malathion to N. cymoides. The interaction between the two insecticides was antagonistic in all tested cases, except where the recommended concentration of both was applied in an equal volume ratio in the soil, and the result was an additive interaction. Moreover, the persistence of insecticides was investigated for 21 days after treatment at one-week intervals. Accordingly, the mortality caused by the recommended concentration of malathion (RC) Sp decreased significantly within a week of the treatment and reached from 100% to 16.07%; however, acetamiprid was more durable, and the resulting mortality decreased from 92.71% to 34.82%. But in the SA method, on the contrary, malathion (RC) was much more persistent, and after one week, it still killed 53.13% of the treated insects. At the same time, acetamiprid (RC), even during the first 48 hours, caused only 60.71% mortality, but it did not lose much in terms of durability and caused 32.14% mortality after one week. Acetamiprid (2RC) SA and malathion ?2 RC (SA)+ malathion ?2 RC (Sp) had effective control and good durability that can be used alternately. Given the effectiveness in controlling the pest and delaying its resistance and environmental safety, the best combination treatments of two insecticides were firstly malathion (SA) RC + acetamiprid (SA) RC and then malathion 1/2 RC (Sp) + acetamiprid 1/2 RC (Sp). Four-hour, seven- and 14-day residues of the two mentioned treatments led to more than 78%, 41% and 12% mortality in rape seed false chinch bugs, respectively. Therefore, selected single and combination treatments can be used alternately for better control of this pest. This research's results can help improve the chemical control method of N. cymoides.   

The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is one of the important pests of oilseed rape worldwide, severely reducing crop yield in aggressive attacks. At present, broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates are used to control it in Iran, which endangers human food security and leaves environmental pollution. On the other hand, the correct use of a mixture of pesticides is one of the solutions that not only reduces the consumption of pesticides but also delays the resistance of pests to insecticides or breaks it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the new and reduced-risk pesticide spirotetramat for controlling N. cymoides and its simultaneous use with chlorpyrifos by combining two application methods at two recommended concentrations (RC) and half of it in greenhouse conditions. The results of the bioassays showed that spirotetramat in the foliar application was more toxic than in soil application and generally more toxic than chlorpyrifos in both methods. At the same time, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was similar in both application methods. Also, the interaction of two insecticides was estimated as the additive in all the combined treatments, except for chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) Sp, which was antagonistic. Further, the persistence of insecticide residues with one week-intervals from the time of application to three weeks later in different treatments showed that chlorpyrifos RC was the most durable treatment among the single treatments throughout this period in both methods. However, the persistence of the mixed treatments of two insecticides was equal, and during this period, from 22.87-100% of losses (two-hour residues) to 50.39-44% (one-week residues), then It reached 27.78-17.78 % (two-week residues) and finally three to eight percentage (three-week residues). In terms of persistence, no difference was observed between the two application methods of chlorpyrifos during three weeks. Regarding spirotetramat, the effectiveness of the two-hour residues of the foliar spraying method was higher than that of the soil application method. Still, it was equal in the first to the third week. The results of persistence tests also determined that spirotetramat degrades faster than chlorpyrifos in both application methods. Finally, due to the high efficiency and good durability for controlling N. cymoides, foliar application chlorpyrifos RC and soil-applied spirotetramat 2RC were selected from among the single treatments, which should be used alternately to prevent the occurrence of resistance. Due to the less pollution for the environment, the additive interaction and the possibility of more encounters between the insects and the insecticide, two treatments of chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA + spirotetramat (RC) SA and chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) Sp+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) SA are the most suitable among the mixture treatments. This research helps to improve the chemical control method of the false chinch bug.

   The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an oligophagous pest with a worldwide distribution that feeds on Solanaceae. In addition to the damage caused in the field, this insect is considered the most destructive pest of potatoes in storage, whose larvae can destroy the whole crop by digging deep channels in potato tubers and causing rots due to the entrance of secondary pathogens in severe contamination. The use of insecticides against storage pests is limited due to jeopardizing food security and the development of resistance. Therefore, low-risk or safe management methods should replace chemical control. Irradiation with ultraviolet rays is a safe method that can play an effective role in integrated management programs of this insect in the warehouse. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim of evaluating the role of UV-C radiation in the control of potato tuber moth for the post-harvest stages. Irradiating different ages of eggs for four minutes with this ray showed that as the age increases, the sensitivity to ultraviolet rays increases, so after this irradiation, only 61.67% of the four-day-old eggs hatched. Next, to achieve the most effective duration of radiation, four-day egg cohort groups were irradiated with UV-C rays for different periods of one, two, four, six, and 10 minutes, and their biological parameters were compared with the control treatment (without radiation) via studying the age-stage two-sex life table. The results showed that the pre-adult duration and the percentage of survival rate in this period and adult longevity increased, decreased and decreased respectively with the increase in the duration of irradiation. Also, life table parameters including the age-stage specific survival rate, the age-specific fecundity, the age-stage specific survival rate, the life expectancy and the age-stage reproductive value, were negatively affected by UV-C radiation and dependent on the duration of irradiation. In addition, all population parameters were also affected by this radiation and directly related to the duration of radiation. The values of intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (?), the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the control treatment were estimated 0.1345 day-1, 1.1440 day-1, 68.39 eggs and 31.42 days, that reached to 0.0099 day-1, 0.0990 day-1, 0.64 eggs and 45.01 days, respectively after eight minutes of irradiation to the eggs. Finally, the high efficiency of UV-C rays to control potato tuber moth in laboratory conditions was determined. Still, more studies are needed before implementing this control method in potato storages.

   Abstract In order to investigate the interaction of smoked water, mycorrhizal fungus and rhizobium bacter on the agrophysiological characteristics of chickpea, an experiment as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, in 2021. The treatments included foliar application of smoked water (1 lit/ha) at two stages (vegetative and before flowering) and soil application of smoked water (2 and 4 lit/ha) along with no use of smoked water (control) as the main factors and the inoculation of micro-organisms (rhizobium, mycorrhiza, rhizobium+mycorrhiza and control) were as sub factors. In this research, the traits of plant height, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, number of nodules, root length, root diameter, fresh and dry weight of roots, relative water content of leaves, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-grains weight, harvest index, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR) and total dry weight (TDW) were measured. The results showed that the effect of smoked water on the characteristics of crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, number of root nodules, root diameter, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-grains weight were significant. The effect of biological fertilizers on the characteristics of root fresh weight, crop growth rate (CGR), total dry weight (TDW), relative leaf water content, plant height, number of nodules, root length, root diameter, root dry weight, seed yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight were significant. The interaction effect of smoked water × biological fertilizer was significant on leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR), total chlorophyll and carotenoids. The smoked water factor (1 lit/ha) at two growth stages (vegetative and the beginning of flowering) in terms of grain yield (547.8 kg/ha), biological yield (2122.4 kg/ha), the number of pods per plant (13.2), the number of seeds per plant (7.6), 100-grains weight (35.5 g), CGR (4.4 g.m-2.day-1) had the highest values. The soil used of smoked water (2 and 4 lit/ha) in terms of root diameter (4.7 mm) and height (38.9 cm) also took the highest values. The use of rhizobium with mycorrhiza in terms of grain weight (35.7 grams), CGR (1.3 g.m-2.day-1), TDW (111.23 g), LWR (5.12 g/g), grain yield (503.6 kg/ha), biological yield (1918.0 kg/ha), root length (20.4 cm), root diameter (4.7 mm), and inoculation of rhizobium with seeds chickpea and foliar spraying of smoked water (1 lit/ha) at two stages in terms of carotenoid (9.3 mg/g), SWR (2.48 g/g) and rhizobium inoculation alone in terms of the number of root nodules (31 nodules), root diameter (4.9 mm), height ( 40.25 cm) and mycorrhizal inoculation alone obtained the highest values in terms of root fresh weight (2.5 g), root dry weight (1.2 g), relative leaf water content (67.1 %). The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed a positive and high relationship between the 100-grains weight and the crop growth rate with the grain yield under the treatments of smoked water and biological fertilizers. Keywords:

   In order to study the genetic diversity of 361 oat genotypes in terms of different agronomic and morphological traits, an experiment was conducted in the form of a square lattice design with two replications in 2019-2020 cropping year in the Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah. The results of analysis of variance showed the existence of diversity for all traits at the 1% probability level. The results of correlation coefficients for grain yield showed that this trait had a positive correlation with harvest index, number of   panicle per m2 , thousand grain weight, biological yield and hectoliter weight. In factor analysis, 76.05% of the data variations were justified by three factors. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that76.2% of the variations in grain yield were justified by number of panicle per m2, thousand grain weight, number of grain per panicle, biological yield, days to physiological maturity, plant height and hectoliter weight. Based on the results of path analysis, biological yield followed by number of   grain per panicle and thousand grain weight had the most positive direct effect on grain yield, respectively. The most positive indirect effect on grain yield was shown by number of panicle per m2   throught day to physiological maturity. Cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into ten groups. Based on the results of cluster analysis and the Selection Index of Ideal Genotype (SIIG), genotype number 285 (220-NMO-758) was recognized as a high-yield genotype among 361 studied genotypes.

  آتش¬سوزي يك عامل اكولوژيك در جنگل به شمار مي¬رود كه طي آن اكثر گياهاني كه در حال رويش هستند، آسيب مي بينند. آتش¬سوزي با سوزاندن پوشش گياهي سطح خاك، مي¬¬تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي، ميكروارگانيسم¬ها و پوشش گياهي خاك شود. قارچ¬هاي ميكوريزا از اصلي¬ترين ميكروارگانيسم¬هاي موجود در محيط خاك محسوب مي¬شوند كه رابطه همزيستي با گياه دارند. اين موجودات از اهميت بسياري در اكولوژي خاك برخوردارند. آتش محيط زندگي قارچ¬ها را با اثر بر ساختمان خاك، مواد غذايي در دسترس، مواد آلي و غير آلي لايه¬هاي زيرين خاك و ساير اجزاء زنده كه با قارچ¬ها ومخصوصاً ساير ريز موجودات در ارتباط مستقيم و يا غير مستقيم هستند تغيير مي¬دهد. اثر آتش بر قارچ¬ها به شدت متفاوت است و به عواملي مانند نوع خاك و گياه ، فاصله زماني بين آتش و تفاوت درشدت آتش بستگي دارد. نتايج بررسي¬هاي صورت گرفته نشان مي¬دهد آتش سوزي كه در منطقه مورد مطالعه (زير تاج و بيرون از تاج درختان منطقه زاگرس) رخ داده است سطحي بوده و قادر به ايجاد تغييرات چنداني در فاكتورهاي فيزيكي، شيميايي و زيستي خاك نبوده است. علاوه بر اين تأثير قابل توجهي از آتش سوزي سطحي بر شاخص هاي مورد مطالعه (تعداد، فراواني و چيرگي و ...) قارچ مايكوريزا ديده نشد.

Abstract: The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is one of the most important polyphagous stored product pests, which causes quantitative, qualitative, and hygienic damages to strategically stored cereals, including wheat. This study’s goal was the investigation of three harmless control agents’ efficiency against this pest, including the local isolate entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth (DE), respectively named Sayan and Celite 610, alone and combined application. For this purpose, first, the bioassay test was conducted to determine the insecticidal activity of the fungus and DEs against adult pests by impregnation of wheat seeds for 14 days. Next, the LD25 dose of DEs was combined with different doses of fungus in a ratio of 1:1, and the interaction type against the pest was determined. Then, a two-sex life table studied the sublethal effects of mixtures that had a synergistic interaction, the highest lethal activity toward the Khapra beetle, and the individual components of these mixtures.   ased on the results, LD50 values for B. bassiana, Sayan, and Celite were obtained 295.32, 4439.49, and 992.25 ppm, respectively, indicating that Celite was more toxic than Sayan. The type of fungus interaction with each of the DEs was synergistic in most combinations and additive in some cases. As a result, two combinations of LD50 of fungus+ LD25 Sayan and LD75 of fungus+ LD25 of Celite were selected for the life table study. According to results, total pre-adult period was increased in all treatments and most of all in fungus+celite due to prolongation of the growth period of some stages and the production of additional larval instars compared to the control. Accordingly, mean generation time (T) was increased in all treatments, but the adult longevity of females and males was decreased in all treatments. However, the survival rate reduced in all stages of all treatments which females of Celite+fungus treatment by a 61.81% reduction compared to the control group showed the most diminution. The mean oviposition in offspring showed a sharp decrease in all treatments and reached 28.15 ± 2.46 eggs/female in control to 2.39 ± 0.89 eggs/female in Celite+fungus treatment. The most important parameter determining population growth, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), was severely reduced by all lethal agents studied. The most decrease of r was related to mixture treatments (Sayan+fungus: 0.0096 ± 0.0048, and Celite+fungus: -0.0004 ± 0.059 day-1) compared to the control population (0.0474 ± 0.0022 day-1), which indicates that the population is declining. The other life table parameters, including net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproduction rate (GRR), and finite rate of increase (?), also decreased in all treatments compared to control. Finally, it was concluded that the local isolate of B. bassiana DE and both formulations of diatomaceous earth, Sayan and Celite, especially Celite, have a high insecticidal potential against T. granarium. Synergistic interactions between them can also be used to reduce consumption rate and at the same time increase their efficiency in pest control, which is both economically valuable and overcomes the limitation of using large amounts of diatomaceous earth. The present study can help production and commercialization of powder formulations consisting of B. bassiana and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth. Keywords: The Khapra beetle, Entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana

   Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the financial literacy of farmers in Mahidasht district in the academic year 1399. The approach of this research has been quantitative and descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and in terms of achieving facts and data processing. The statistical population of this study consists of 202 farmers in Mahidasht district. The Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. Sampling was performed using two-stage cluster random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 6 sections was used to collect data. In the first part, the individual and professional characteristics of farmers were examined. In the second part of the dimensions of farmers' literacy, In the third part, farmers' attitudes toward financial literacy, In the fourth section, farmers' behavior regarding financial literacy, In the fifth section, farmers' knowledge about financial literacy, In the sixth and final section, farmers' challenges to achieving financial literacy were examined. The content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed by the professors of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education of Razi University, and Cronbach's alpha test.    and Smart software were used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that There is a significant relationship between personal characteristics and professions of farmers with their knowledge, attitude, behavior and financial literacy. In general, farmers' financial literacy is a function of their personal and professional characteristics, as well as their knowledge, attitude and financial behavior. Keywords: investment, Literacy,   financial literacy, Financial self-efficacy, Mahidasht,   agricultural development

اثرات جانبي روش هاي مختلف كاربرد تيامتوكسام بر سن شكارگر در سيستم ششكار شكارگري orius albidipennis-Aphis gossypii

  Abstract  Grape berry moth (GBM) Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of vineyards in Iran that much damage each year in the different regions of Iran. In order to assess the population dynamics of the pest and the effect of altitude in population density of adults, pheromone trapping was performed in the three villages of Paveh city with different altitude. The results showed that this pest has four generations in the Dorisan village with 1605 meters altitude and it has three generations in Shamshir and Tazeabad villages respectively with 1700 and 1820 meters altitude. In Dorisan village appearance of the first moths began from 10th April. The first flight peak of this generation was occurred in 6th April with the mean of 24/5 moths and the second flight peak of that in 19th May with the mean of 27/5 moths, peak of adult population of second generation in 24th June with the mean of 42 moths, peak of adult population of third generation in 20th August with the mean of 51 moths and most population of fourth generation in 19th September with the mean of 34/5 moths. In Shamahir village appearance of the first moths started from 22th April and peak of flight of three consecutive generations respectively was occurred in 16th May, 10th June and 17th August and with the mean of 24, 15 and 31/5 moths. In Tazeabad village appearance of the first moths began from 19th April and peak of flight of three generations respectively was reported in 19th May, 3th July and 17th August and with the mean of 86, 139 and 276 moths in traps. T test results showed that between the average population density of pest in different villages there are significant differences.  Key words: grapvine, Lobesia botrana, population dynamism, Delta trap, Paveh region  

  AbstractMoth cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the key pests of agricultural products in Iran and other countries of the world. The cotton bollworm resistance to the most common insecticide groups (Pyrethroids and organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates) to reduce the effect of insecticides in many countries.To solve this problem, new solutions such as the use of biological control methodsespecially the use of antimicrobial compounds may lead to loss of proper control and to delay the development of resistance.Among these entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in integrated pest management is very important, because this fungus has a global distribution and having more than 700 host species, has a wide host range is.Also one of the most important fungal pathogenicity strength and quality assessment methods, the use of biological control and infected table data which in this area are limited.In this study, the effect of fungi B. bassiana, the life table parameters of cotton bollworm, H. armigera (Lep; Noctuidae) were investigated.All experiments, Was performedwithImmersion method, in temperature 25±1C°, relative humidity 65±5and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hour.After primary test, effective concentrations were determined to isolate DC7 102,103,105,106,108 and to isolate DE 101,102,104,106,108were determined, and to investigate the virulence of two strains of fungi DC7 and DE B. bassiana, bioassay second instar larvae of the cotton bollworm in four replications.Results of this study showed that compared to other isolates have created more toxic strain DC7,also LC25 and LC50 for these isolates respectivelywere 2/44 ×102   and 1/5 ×104 ml spore was calculated.The results of life table parameters indicated that this fungus had a significant impact on Mortality.In addition to increased mortality, fertility rates for the insects that alivehave also reduced.Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) to control Sublethal and lethal concentrations, respectively, 0/198, 0/121 and 0/111 on day were calculated.This fungus create mortality, cause deformities in pre-pupa, pupae and adults.Thusit can be said that the fungi in the pathogenesis of the cotton bollworm has great potential. Hence can be used as a biological control agent effective against the pest to be used.

  سن گندم(Eurigaster intergericeps ( Hem, Scutelleridae مهم­ترين آفت مزارع گندم وجو در خاورميانه است.اين حشره در ايران نيز به عنوان يك آفت كليدي، خسارت قابل ملاحظه­اي به محصولات گندم وجو وارد مي­كند. سم­پاشي­هايي كه عليه اين آفت صورت مي­گيرد نه تنها باعث آلودگي محيط زيست شده بلكه موجب آلودگي مواد غذايي نيز مي­شود. بنابراين با استفاده از قارچ­هاي بيمارگر حشرات در مديريت آفت مي­توان موجب كاهش استفاده از آفت­كش­هاي شيميايي شد. در اين بررسي بيماريزايي سه قارچ Paecillomyces lillacinus، Beuveria bassiana و Fusarium prolifreatumروي پوره سن سوم سن گندمEurigaster intergericepsدر شرايط آزمايشگاهي به مدت شش روز مورد آزمايش قرار گرفت. آزمون بيماري­زايي اثبات كرد كه هر سه قارچ بيماري­زا هستند ودر همه جدايه­ها با افزايش غلظت سوسپانسيون اسپور قارچ­ها درصد مرگ­ و مير لاروها افزايش پيدا كرده­است. غلظت   108   قارچ   euveria bassiana بعد از شش روز باعث 78% درصد تلفات در جمعييت پوره سن دوم   intergericeps. E و قارچFusarium prolifreatumدر غلظت 109   باعث68%مرگ ومير و قارچ Paecillomyces lillacinus با غلظت 1010 باعث 76% مرگ ومير جمعييت تيمارشد كه هر سه قارچ با تفاوت معني­داري نسبت به جمعييت شاهد توانايي بالايي براي كاهش جمعييت پوره­هاي سن دوم را دارد.آزمون موازي بودن توان نسبي نشان داد كه قارچ Beuveria bassianaبا تفاوت معني­داري از دو قارچ ديگر توانايي بالاتري براي بيماري­زايي دارد

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a key cucurbits pest in world and is managed with repeated insecticide applications. Application of mixture of pesticides is an efficient way to reduce pesticides use and inhibit pest resistance development. Study of two pesticides interaction could have beneficial results for their consumers especially in IPM programs. The joint action of imidacloprid and pymetrozine against the cotton aphid, were investigated under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 oC, 65 ± 5% R.H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h.) using a leaf dipping method. The best synergistic effect was discovered in the ratio group Im/Py 5/5 with the R or CI and LC50 values of 3.84 or 0.27 and 8.71 ppm respectively. Additive actions were also found in most of the ratio groups.   The effect of applying sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid, pymetrozine and mixture was evaluated, also, using demographic toxicology. Longevity and population growth parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (Tc) and finite rate of population increase (?), were affected negatively by these three compounds insecticides. The rm values for control, imidacloprid, pymetrozine and mixture exposed populations were 0.39, 0.22, 0.31 and 0.23 female offspring per female per day, respectively. Results showed that application of sublethal and lethal doses of mentioned pesticides can be an effective method in the control of possibly insect pests in IPM program.