Farzad Mondani

   Soil nutrient management is of particular importance in the production of medicinal plants. On the other hand, moisture deficiency stress, as the most important factor limiting production, leads to a decrease in plant yield. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of animal manure on ecophysiological traits, grain yield, and essential oil yield of black cumin under irrigation interruption conditions. The experiment was conducted inform split plot based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University during 2022. The treatments included fully rotted sheep manure (0, 10, 20, and 30 ton ha-1) as the main plot and irrigation interruption (complete irrigation, interruption of irrigation from flowering stage, interruption of irrigation from grain filling stage) as the sub plot. The measured traits included leaf area index (LAI), radiation absorption, relative growth ratio (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), total dry weight (TDW), radiation use efficiency (RUE), plant height, number of main branches, number of follicles, number of grains per follicle, 1000-grain weight, total dry weight yield, grain yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and harvest index. The results showed that the application of manure and irrigation treatments had an effect on the evaluated traits. The highest (2.34) and lowest (1.1) maximum LAI were related to the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 and complete irrigation and the conditions of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from flowering stage, respectively. In all manure application treatments, radiation absorption improved with increasing irrigation water. The highest and lowest radiation absorption were observed in the conditions of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complete irrigation and the treatment of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage, respectively. The highest and lowest RGR and CGR were related to 30 ton ha-1 of manure and full irrigation (0.094 g g-1 d-1 and 6.2 g m-2 d-1, respectively) and no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage (0.066 g g-1 d-1 and 2.3 g m-2 d-1, respectively). The highest RUE (0.5539 g MJ-1) was obtained with 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complate irrigation, and the lowest (0.4565 g MJ-1) was obtained with no manure and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage. The interaction of manure application and irrigation interruption on yield and grain yield components was significant. The highest 1000-grain weight (1.69 g), total dry weight yield (251.5 g m-2), grain yield (108.7 g m-2), and grain essential oil yield (18.7 g m-2) and the lowest 1000-grain weight (1.39 g), total dry weight yield (125.3 g m-2), grain yield (44.3 g m-2), and grain essential oil yield (8.2 g m-2) were observed in the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complate irrigation, and the treatment of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage, respectively. The results also showed that the correlation of grain yield with total dry waight yield, harvest index, number of follicles m-2, number of grain per follicle, and 1000-grain weight was positive and significant. In general, the results showed that in order to achieve maximum grain yield and grain essential oil yield, the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complete irrigation was better. However, in the condition of 30 ton ha-1

   Abstract Cover crops play an increasing role in improving soil quality, reducing agricultural inputs and improving environmental sustainability. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate some cover crops in order to find a suitable alternative for fallow in the weather conditions of Kermanshah. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental treatments included fallow (control) and seven cover crops: barley (Hordeum vulgare), oat (Avena sativa), rapeseed (Brassica napus), rye (Secale cereal), common vetch (Vicia sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens), and Iranian clover (Trifolium resupinatum). During the experiment, samples were taken every two weeks to measure the attributes, which are:First stage (December 2022), second stage (January 2023), third stage (January 2023), fourth stage (February 2023), fifth stage (February 2023), sixth stage (March 2023), seventh stage (March 2023), eighth stage (March 2023) and ninth stage (April 2023).The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of the cover plant on all the measured traits, including the percentage of green cover, weed density, wet and dry weight of weeds, weed control, carbon and nitrogen content of the soil and the cover plant, C to N ratio of soil and cover plant, dry weight of cover plant and soil moisture content were significant. The results of the experiment indicated the superiority of barley and rye plants in controlling weeds by 68.95 and 67.56%.The highest and lowest soil carbon content was related to barley (5.54%) and fallow (3.89%) treatments, respectively.Barley (5.3%) and vetch (5.1%) cover crops showed the highest soil nitrogen content.The highest carbon content of cover crops was related to barley, followed by oat and rye.Iranian clover with 1.54% nitrogen content was superior to other treatments.The highest dry weight of the cover crop in the first stage was related to barley and oat, and in the second and ninth stages, it was related to only oat. In the third, sixth and seventh stages, it was related to the cover crop of barley. In the fourth, fifth and eighth stages, the highest dry weight of the cover crop was obtained from barley, oat, vetch and rye treatments. The highest amount of soil moisture in the first and second sampling was related to the cover crop of white clover and vetch, respectively. The lowest soil moisture content was obtained from fallow treatment. But in the third and fourth stages of sampling, the fallow treatment had the highest soil moisture content compared to other treatments. From the fifth stage to the seventh stage of sampling, soil moisture content increased in cover crop treatments (vetch, oat, rapeseed and white clover) compared to fallow.    Keywords:cover crop, green cover percentage, C/N ratio, weed control, biomass   

  This experiment was conducted to investigate theeffect of planting arrangement and cover crop on weed control and the growth and yield of corn (cv. 704) in 2023. The arrangement of treatments was as factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was the crop planting pattern (including single-row planting patern of corn) and the second factor was cover crop cultivation between the crop rows (clover, vetch, barley, clover + barley, vetch + barley). The results of this study showed that the pattern of planting and covering plants and their mutual effect had an effect on the wet weight of weeds. In the two-row planting pattern, the wet weight of the weeds was lower than in the single-row planting pattern. Also, the lowest fresh weight of weeds was related to vetch+barley and clover+barley. The highest wet weight of weeds was related to vetiver, clover + barley and barley alone treatment, which could not control weeds well. The number of leaves per plant was not affected by the investigated treatments, but the height of the plant was only affected by the interaction effect of planting pattern in cover crops. The highest fresh weight of the plant compared to the control with an average of 73% compared to the control was obtained from the vetiver treatment. It was also observed that the lowest fresh weight (16% compared to the control) was obtained from the vetch + barley treatment in the single-row planting patern (single/double-row planting patern). The results also showed that the diameter of the stem and cob was affected by cover crops and the reaction of cover crops in the planting pattern only at the level of 1%. The highest cob diameter (15% compared to the control) was obtained from barley treatment in single-row cultivation, followed by vetiver and barley treatment in double-row cultivation

   Cover crops contribute to nutrient cycling and may improve soil chemical properties and, consequently, increase crop yield. Potato is the fourth most valuable plant for human nutrition.  o there is a need to develop potato cropping systems with higher yields and crop quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cover crops planted as pure and mixed on some soil properties and potato growth and   yield. Experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources، Razi University of Kermanshah. Experimental treatments include barley, vetch and clover cover crops in pure and mixed form at 10 levels, pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley + 50% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. The results showed that the height of cover plants was affected by the type of cover crops, so that the tallest barley plants (58 cm) in the treatment of 50% barley + 50% vetch and the shortest clover crops (25 cm) in planting density of 50% vetch + 50% clover was observed. In addition, the use of cover crops compared to the control treatment caused an increase in soil properties including pH, organic carbon, N, P and K in the stage before planting potatoes compared to the before starting experiment stage. In the post-harvest of potato, the use of cover crops decrease pH soil   and increases soil organic carbon, N, P and K compared to the control. On the other hand, the use of cover crops in both stages 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation reduced the density of weeds, and pure barley cover crops was more successful in controlling weeds than other treatments. Among the investigated cover crops, the planting density of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley was more favorable than other treatments. So that the highest plant height, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and the number of main stem in all stages of measurement were obtained from this treatment. In addition, the comparison of averages showed that the maximum number of tubers, fresh weight of tubers and dry weight of potato tubers were obtained by using the mentioned treatment. It was found that cover crops had a positive effect on the diameter grading of the tubers in the maturity stage, and in the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley, the most small tubers (95 per m2), medium tubers (329 per m2) and large tubers (211 per m2) were seen. On the other hand, it was observed that this treatment increased the tuber yield by 7.98 tons/ha compared to the control treatment. In all four stages of vegetative growth, tuber formation, tuber bulking stage and potato tuber maturity, the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley caused an increase of 43.35, 53.37, 42.17 and 50.43% respectively, RWC was compared to the control without cover crops. In general, the results of this research showed that the cultivation of cover crops can be used as a strategy to improve the growth traits, yield and yield components of potatoes.

Today, for the production of agricultural products, inputs such as fertilizers and chemical poisons, fossil fuels, and machinery are needed, each of which has a significant contribution to the production of greenhouse gases. The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases is the reason for climate change, which itself plays an important role in the amount of production of the world's agricultural ecosystems. For this purpose, a study was conducted with the aim of the effect of crop rotation on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the fields of Kermanshah. To carry out this study, all agricultural operations and inputs consumed in the studied fields from planting to harvesting, including all chemical inputs (fertilizers, poisons, fossil fuels, seeds, agricultural machinery, etc.) were calculated and analyzed. The data analysis was calculated in three parts energy input (consumption), energy output (production) and global warming potential (GWP) caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. The results of this study showed that the total input energy in common wheat cultivation was 13844.7 megajoules, of which the largest share was related to fossil fuel consumption (37.4%). While the highest share in low-tillage and no-tillage wheat cultivation belonged to nitrogen fertilizer in the amount of 36.7%. The total input energy in the common chickpea cultivation system was 7009.6 megajoules, while the total input energy in low tillage chickpea cultivation was 5256.4 megajoules and in no-tillage chickpea cultivation the total input energy was 4470 megajoules. The largest share in all three tillage systems was related to fossil fuels. In the common wheat cultivation system, low tillage and no-tillage, energy consumption efficiency were 3.2, 5.1 and 4.9 respectively. The amount of energy consumption efficiency in common chickpea cultivation, low tillage and no-tillage was 2.6, 2.8 and 3.9 respectively. The largest share of consumption inputs caused by global warming and greenhouse gas emissions in the cultivation of wheat and peas is related to fossil fuels. The highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.21), nitrogen fertilizers (30.82), phosphate fertilizers (7.41) and potash fertilizers (55.2). Also, the highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-pea cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.32), nitrogen fertilizers (28.58), phosphate fertilizers (9.19) and potash (2.90). The highest emission of CO2 gas in common wheat cultivation was related to the consumption of fossil fuels and in low tillage and no-tillage, wheat cultivation was related to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest emission of greenhouse gas N2O caused by chemical inputs related to fossil fuels was common in wheat cultivation. According to the results, it can be stated that wheat cultivation with a low tillage method had the highest energy consumption efficiency. The highest energy efficiency in chickpea cultivation was related to the no-tillage system. The higher energy efficiency in the wheat-pea rotation was due to the decrease in input energy and the increase in crop efficiency in this rotation. The global warming index increased with the increase of greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat rotation compared to the wheat-pea rotation.   

Abstract The use of conservation tillage methods to preserve soil health has received attention in recent years. On the other hand, evaluating the effects of these methods on crop yield and weed control can lead to selecting the appropriate method and obtaining the maximum benefit of it. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a five-year history of conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage during the 2022 in the Ravansar district, Kermanshah. For this purpose, 65 dryland wheat fields were selected, where tillage was performed using one of three methods of no-tillage, reduced tillage (using a disk), and conventional tillage (using a moldboard plow). The farms were divided into four groups based on their five-year tillage history: 1) no-till with direct seeding, 2) reduced tillage using a disk, 3) conventional tillage using a moldboard plow, and 4) a combination of no- tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage over the past five years. Sampling was done using two methods: 1) direct sampling from the farms, and 2) obtaining information from the farms and farmers using a questionnaire. In the direct sampling method, weed density was recorded by species in two stages, before and after herbicide application, using a random sampling method. Furthermore the Simpson's Dominance Index and the Smith and Wilson Evenness Index of weed communities were calculated. Information related to land management, including soil preparation method over the past five years, type of chemical fertilizer used, seed variety, seed rate, planting date and method, as well as farmers' experience, education level, farm area, occupation, ownership, and residence situation were collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that the five-year tillage history had a significant effect on wheat yield, weed density, species richness, and population evenness. Wheat yield in the no-till system was 38.3%, 44.6%, and 52.7% higher than minimum tillage, combined tillage, and conventional tillage, respectively. In the conventional tillage system, weed density and species richness were significantly higher, while population evenness of weeds was lower compared to conservation tillage systems. Weed density had a negative relationship, and population evenness had a positive relationship with wheat yield. The composition of important weed communities in the fields under conventional tillage was completely different from fields with combined tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage. However, the most important weed species in fields with reduced tillage and combined tillage showed similarities. The investigation of applied agricultural management practices showed that crop density and planting method had a significant effect on wheat yield, and the selection of these practices was directly related to the choice of conservation tillage methods. The study of farmers' characteristics and its relationship with the selection of tillage method also indicated the necessity of educating and raising awareness among farmers about the impacts of conservation tillage. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of adopting conservation tillage practices for maintaining weed control, improving wheat yield, and preserving soil health. It also emphasizes the need for farmer education and awareness regarding the benefits and implementation of conservation tillage methods.   

Yarrow is one of the most important herbal plants, which farmers can cultivate most properly by identifying the appropriate fertilizer level and the best cultivation time. To investigate the impact of cultivation time and manure on plant yield and nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in yarrow, an experiment was conducted with a split-plot randomized complete block design in three replications. The experiment factors included manure as the plot factor at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 tons per hectare) and cultivation time as the subplot factor (April 4, April 24, and May 14). The examined traits included the growth indicators, yield and yield components, absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. The results demonstrated increase in the leaf area indicator, product growth rate, relative growth rate, and aerial organ dry weight as manure level rose at all the three cultivation times. Moreover, the maximum values of all the above traits occurred at the manure level of 30 tons per hectare and the first cultivation time, while the minimum values occurred at the manure level of 0 tons per hectare and the third cultivation time. The application of manure exhibited significant effects at the probability level of one percent on the number of capitula per plant, number of grains per capitulum, plant height at harvest and flowering time, 1000-grain weight, plant fresh weight, grain yield, and number of flowering stems. An appropriate cultivation time lengthens the plant growth period, and that for yarrow was found to be the beginning of the growth season (April 4). At this cultivation time, better results were observed for all the yield components and reproductive traits. Furthermore, an increase in manure decreased the absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. Overall, application of 0-30 tons of manure per hectare and cultivation at the beginning of the season can contribute to great yield and efficient use of the examined herbal plant. Moreover, use of manure as an alternative for chemical fertilizers can properly raise yield and prevent their environmental harms. Keywords: extract, yield component, physiological trait, nitrogen absorption.      

    Autumn-SeededChickpea Cultivars  AbstractThis study wasconducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on yield andgrowth characteristics of some chickpea cultivars and some soil characteristicsduring 2020-2021 year in Kuhdasht region located in Lorestan province. Theexperiment was performed as a split plot based on a randomized complete blockdesign with four replications. Treatment of different tillage methods at threelevels (conventional tillage, reduction tillage and no tillage) in main plotsand eight autumn chickpea cultivars (Adel, Arman, Hashem, Mansour, Azad, Azkan,Aksu and Goksu) were located on sub-plots. The results of analysis of varianceshowed that some of the studied traits were affected by tillage and more bycultivar. Based on the obtained results, the highest moisture content wasobtained at a depth of 15 to 30 cm of soil at the rate of 12.6% in the plotunder cultivation of Azkan cultivar. The highest soil temperature of 14.17 ° Cwas recorded in conventional tillage treatment. The results showed that in allthree tillage systems, the highest degree of growth day to emergence of 244 wasrelated to Adel cultivar. The effect of tillage treatment on emergencepercentage and plant height was not significant. The highest percentage ofemergence was obtained in Kogsu cultivar (73%) and the highest plant height wasobtained in Azkan cultivar (30.20 cm). Root weight was not affected by tillagetreatment, while the highest root dry weight was obtained in Aksu cultivar(2.87 g). The effect of tillage treatment on 100-seed weight was notsignificant, although 100-seed weight of Aksu cultivar in no-till treatment was42 g and higher than other cultivars. Based on the results, the effect oftillage and cultivar on grain and biological yields, harvest index andreproductive effort index were not significant. The highest harvest index wasobtained in Adel cultivar and the highest reproductive effort index wasobtained in Arman cultivar. Also, grain protein was not affected by tillagetreatments. Among the cultivars, Mansour had the highest grain protein content(19.09%) and the highest greenness index was obtained in Azkan cultivar(27.94%).Keywords: Yield components, Grain protein, Conventional tillage, Greennessindex, Chickpea  

   This study was performed to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) biotypes to the herbicide terry benuron methyl (granstar) in Hamil and Markazi counties in Islamabad Gharb city, Kermanshah province during 2017-2017 crop in two greenhouse sections. And the laboratory was run. The results of this experiment showed that the resistance of different masses harvested from 9 altitudes (above sea level) did not show a statistically significant difference despite the increase in resistance at altitudes, and the recorded resistance index between 5.55 to 64 / 6 was obtained. The results of the effect of temperature on germination of susceptible and resistant masses of wild mustard showed that the response of susceptible and resistant masses was different at different temperatures and at 20 and 25 ° C sensitive masses had the highest percentage of germination and vigor. They were resistant to the mass. Germination rate also showed significant differences in different temperature treatments and at (5 and 20) ° C the germination rate of resistant masses was significantly higher than sensitive mass. At 25 ° C, the germination rate of the sensitive mass was significantly higher than that of the resistant mass. The results related to the effect of different osmotic potential also showed that in general wild mustard is sensitive to reducing the osmotic potential of soil and the percentage and speed of germination and vigor of sensitive masses at the osmotic potential of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa were the highest and In the osmotic potential of 1 and 1.2 reached zero. Acidity and resistant and sensitive masses of wild mustard have a significant effect on germination percentage and vigor, as well as different amounts of acidity have a significant effect on wild mustard seeds, so that resistant masses prefer acidic to neutral acidity. The results of dose-response experiment showed that the interaction of mass in the amount of trifenuron methyl on the germination percentage of wild mustard seeds was significant. The highest germination percentage occurred at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 in resistant masses, and in susceptible masses in control treatment and concentration of 0.25 and germination in both sensitive and resistant masses at concentrations of 8, 16 And 32 went to zero. Given the relative suitability of wild mustard sensitive stands in terms of germination, it seems that if no special management operations are carried out to reduce the germination of these stands, in the future the population of these stands will expand and in this case, the possibility of There are increasing problems by these masses. eywords: Stolactate synthase, Resistance, Relative suitability, Germination

   Today, due to over-exploitation of agricultural lands and feeding of crops by chemical fertilizers, regardless of organic fertilizers in soil nutrition, a situation has arisen in which our agricultural soils are among the poorest soils in terms of organic matter. This issue necessitates the use of green and livestock fertilizers in Iran's agricultural systems. Considering the importance of green manure plants as organic fertilizers, in order to investigate the growth characteristics and biomass production capacity of several species of green manures, A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted in 1397 in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah. Experimental factors included two factors (green manure including: 1. Iranian clover 2. lathyrus 3. vetch 4. rye 5. barley) and (planting time included: two dates of the last decade of November and the first decade of December). The results showed that planting date treatment had a significant effect on the five percent probability level on the percentage of green cover. Green manure treatment showed a significant effect on green cover percentage, dry weight, fresh weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate at the level of 1% probability. According to the results of comparing the means, in the planting date treatment, the highest percentage of green cover was related to the November planting treatment (83.4%) and the lowest green cover percentage was related to the December planting treatment (76.85%). In relation to green manure plant treatments, the highest percentage of green cover was related to rye and barley treatments (94.5% and 90.5%, respectively) and The lowest was allocated to lathyrus, vetch and Iranian clover treatments (with values of 75, 71.5 and 69.38%, respectively). The highest dry weight of single plant was assigned to barley and rye treatments (with values of 26.86 and 26.82 g, respectively), but there was no significant difference between these two plants in terms of dry weight of single plant. The lowest single plant dry weight among green manure treatments was related to lathyrus, Persian clover and vetch treatments (21.0625, 20.85 and 17.56 g, respectively). Also, the observations of this study showed that the highest leaf area index was related to rye and barley treatments (with values of 4.97 and 4.72, respectively) and also, the lowest was observed in the treatment of Iranian vetch and clover (with values of 2.856 and 3.141, respectively). In this experiment, the highest growth rate was related to rye and barley (with values of 1.38 and 1.37, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of growth rate. The lowest growth rate among green manure treatments belonged to lathyrus, clover and vetch treatments (with values of 1.1, 1.03 and 0.92, respectively). In this study, it was observed that the effect of cover plant cultivation date on the production of green cover of these plants is effective. Regarding the C/N ratio, considering that the highest green cover and growth rate and uptake were related to rye and barley treatment and the highest amount of this ratio was assigned to two plants of rye and barley green manure (32.67 and 33.113). As a result, it can be said that in terms of green manure with high green cover, the best options in the climate of Kermanshah in this study are rye and barley green manure. Given that the main purpose of this experiment was to find a suitable planting date as well as the best option among plants grown as green manure, It can be said that more green cover (83.4%) has been produced in the date of November cultivation and it can be a more suitable date for cultivating these green manure plants and finally controlling winter weeds.

   In this study, the effects of planting date (November 1, mid-November and late October) and different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in rainfed (0,50,100,150 kg/h N) and irrigated (0,100,200,300 kg/h N) condition on yeild and morphological traits of Camellina were invesigated. In order to evaluate water use efficiency indicators, the amount of irrigation for water conditions for each planting date was calculated by volume method. For comparison of both conditions separately in the form of split-plot design in a randomized complete block.. The results showed that planting date had a significant effect on the yield parameters of camelina and only on traits (total yield and straw, nitrogen utilization efficiency-(UTE), straw protein% and straw protein yield) in rainfed conditions had a non significant effect. Also, traits (1000-grain weight, oil yield, oil-to-grain yield ratio, grain protein yield, UTE , nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen harvest index, water use efficiency (grain yield and grain protein yield)) in conditions Irrigation was not affected by planting date. The results showed that fertilizer had a significant effect on all traits and only traits (total yield, straw yield and nitrogen harvest index) were not affected by fertilizer in rainfed conditions. Also in irrigated conditions, only traits (oil yield and oil water use efficiency) were not affected by fertilizer. Examination of morphological traits showed that in dryland conditions, all traits were affected by planting date and fertilizer and only the number of sub-branches was not affected by fertilizer. Also, all traits in irrigated conditions were subjected to fertilizer on the planting date and only the height trait was not significant and the GDD in both conditions was only affected by the planting date. Based on the results, it was found that the traits in both conditions and planting date and application of nitrogen fertilizer are different from each other so that all functional traits of rainfed conditions except (grain yield, oil to grain weight ratio and straw protein) on the second planting date have They were the highest and in response to nitrogen fertilizer, all traits increased by applying 150 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and only traits (oil to grain ratio, nitrogen harvest index, NUE, UPE and UTE) decreased with increasing nitrogen. Irrigation conditions were different so that most of the functional traits had the highest value in the first planting date and traits such as (straw protein%, protein to oil ratio, nitrogen harvest index and UTE) had the highest amount in the third planting date. Yields were also different among the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer, so that the traits (oil and seed water use efficiency, grain yield, oil, harvest index and 1000-grain weight had the highest amount with the application of 100 kg N/h and other traits They increase the amount of N increased and only traits (UTE, NUE, UPE and nitrogen harvest index) had the highest values in the control. Examination of morphological characteristics showed that all traits reached their maximum on the first planting data with the highest amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and only the number of seeds per pod on the last planting data was different in irrigation conditions due to the simultaneous start of irrigation with the pod formation stage and GDD in the irrigation condition was higher than the rainfed and in both levels it had the highest value in the first planting date. Keywords: NUE, oil yield, phenological development, yield components

   Tomato is one of the most important agricultural products with a production of about 159 million tons in the world in 2015. ‌ One of the major problems of tomato cultivation is weed damage that in the early stages of growth due to low growth rate and limited leaf development, strength Has less competition against weeds. Weed control in tomato is one of the most costly agricultural operations in this crop, which if not paid attention to weed control can cause a lot of damage to the crop. Various methods are used to control weeds, and the use of herbicides is very common. But today, due to environmental problems, high cost, resistance to weeds and threats to human health and the environment, frequent and excessive use of herbicides has been questioned. The use of cover crops is a good alternative to uncultivated tillage and the use of herbicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover cluster vetch and Iranian clover as pure and combined cultivation on yield and control of tomato weeds as well as control of winter weeds in the field. This experiment was carried out in the cropping year of 2020-2021 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Sciencess And Engineering of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment of cover plants by treating different percentages of cultivation of two cover plants of musk clover and clover musk, in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications with the percentage of residues left from the treatment of cover plants has been done. The tomato experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments in cover crops include pure and combined cultivation (different percentages) of both clover and vetch plants (100% clover, 100% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 10% vetch + 90% clover, 90% vetch + 10. Clover, 80% vetch + 20% Clover, 20.% vetch + 80% Clover, ? 70 vetch + 30% Clover, 30% vetch + 70% Clover, ? 60 vetch + 40% Clover, ? 40 vetch + 60% Clover and 0. vetch + 0. clover (control)). Cover crops have been able to improve the physical properties and nutrients of the soil in this short period of time. Significant differences were observed between different percentages of cover crops in terms of weed control. The treatment of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover on average have been able to create suitable and good conditions for cover plants and weed control in different measured traits. In contrast, the treatments of 20% vetch + clover and 90% vetch + 10% clover did not create suitable conditions for weed control. In all measured traits, the control treatment did not create suitable conditions in the field compared to the cover plant treatments. Regarding the effect of cover crop residues on yield and weed control in tomatoes, 50% vetch + 50% clover residues and 100% clover residues were able to control both weeds and tomato yield compared to control and other treatments used. Perform better. In the control treatment, the lowest tomato yield and the lowest weed control were recorded. Yield was observed in treatments of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues, 67.25 and 66.51 ton / ha, respectively, while the yield in control treatment was 14.43 ton / ha. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was reported to be 9 and 8 plants /square meter, respectively, and in the control treatment was 30 plants /square meter. In general, the use of cover crops and their residues In the field can be a suitable environmental and economic method to control weeds and reduce the use of chemicals in the field.    Keywords: clover, vetch, weed management, sustainable agriculture, pure cover crops, combined cover crops, tomatoes.

  

° C higher than the system without tillage  

حبوبات پس از غلات، دومين منبع غذايي بشر به شمار مي­روند. نخود Cicer arietinum L. در ميان بقولات رتبه­ي سوم را در جهان دارد و مهم­ترين آن­ها در ايران است. در خاك­هاي قليايي به دليل تثبيت شدن اكثر عناصر ريزمغذي، جذب آنها توسط ريشه­هاي گياهان كاهش مي­يابد. در اين شرايط محلول­پاشي عناصر ريزمغذي جذب آنها را توسط گياه بهبود مي­دهد. اين تحقيق در همين راستا در سال زراعي 98-1397 در مزرعه­اي واقع در دهستان سراب‌نيلوفر در فاصله­ي حدود 20 كيلومتري شمال غربي شهر كرمانشاه، به­ صورت دو آزمايش مجزا و به صورت طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمار مورد بررسي محلول‌پاشي جهار نوع كود شامل: 1) سولفات روي، 2) سولفات مس، 3) اسيد بوريك و 4) فروت‌ست هر كدام در سه سطح   2، 4 و 8 در هزار و شاهد (عدم محلول­پاشي كود) بودند. در آزمايش اول محلول­پاشي شروع گلدهي و در آزمايش دوم در ابتداي غلاف­دهي انجام شد. در اين بررسي صفت­هاي عملكرد دانه، عملكرد پروتئين، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعداد دانه در بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد غلاف پر در بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در بوته، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه‌هاي جانبي، درصد پروتئين، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد اقتصادي، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد زيست­توده، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد اقتصادي، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد كاه، راندمان اقتصادي مصرف آب و سود خالص مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در هر دو مرحله (ابتداي گلدهي و ابتداي غلاف­دهي) حاكي از معني­دار بودن اثر مثبت و معني­دار سطوح مختلف محلول­پاشي بر تمام صفات مورد ارزيابي (به­جز سود خالص در ابتداي غلاف­دهي) در سطح احتمال يك درصد بود. بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين­ها در دوره­ي گلدهي، بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمارهاي 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 4544 كيلوگرم در هكتار، 2 در هزار بور با 4505 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 8 در هزار بور با 4319 كيلوگرم در هكتار و به ­ترتيب با 59، 58 و 51 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد با 2853 كيلوگرم در هكتار به دست آمد. بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي غلاف‌دهي در سطوح 8 در هزار فروت­ست با 5867 كيلوگرم در هكتار)، 2 در هزار بور با 5744 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 5302 كيلوگرم در هكتار به ­ترتيب با 106، 101 و 86 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد به دست آمد. به­طور كلي بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين گروهي فروت­ست و بور در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي گلدهي و فروت­ست و مس در ابتداي غلاف­دهي بهترين گروه­ها از نظر بهبود عملكرد دانه بودند. بنابراين در شرايط محيطي مشابه، به دليل كسب حداكثر مقدار عملكرد و صفات مرتبط با آن، نسبت به ساير سطوح كودي قابل توصيه است.   

   بررسي تنوع زيستي علف هاي هرز باغات گردو(Juglans regia)، انگور(Vitis vinifera) و انار(Punica granatum)   در شهرستان پاوه

In order to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure and cover crop on soil physico-chemical characteristics and growth and yield of organic sesame, a split-plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in the Organic Farming Educational and Research of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University 2016-2017. The experiment treatments were farmyard manure appilication (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) as a main-plot and cultivation of cover crops (non crop cover, berseem clover, fenugreek and hairy vetch) as a sub-plot. The cover crops were returned to the soil as green manure at the flowering stage and then cultivated sesame seeds 2 weeks later. The evaluted traits were physico-chemical characteristics for three step (befor starting expriment, befor cultivating sesame and post-harvest of sesame) and also sesame growth and yield traits. The results indicated the farmyard manure application compared to control treatment improved the soil characteristics such as organic carbon (5.3%), phosphorus (165%), potassium (15%), total nitrogen (41%) nitrate ion (30.2%), ammonium ion (53/5%), sulfur (32%), copper (27%), zinc (22%), iron (6%) and manganese (7.5%) at the befor cultivating sesame step than the befor starting expriment step. All evaluated soil traits except potassium, sulfure, iron and manganese also improved at the post-harvest of sesame step compared to the befor starting expriment step. The application of cover crops increased the evaluated soil traits so the highest effect related to cultivation of fenugreek and farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 treatment and the lowest related to non crop cover and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 treatment. The results showed that interaction of farmyard manure and cover crop application were significant on 1000-grain weight, total dry weight and grain yield. The farmyard manure application had a significant effect on number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of branches substem, harvest index and plant height but oil and protein percentage were not affected by treatments. The highest grain yield (1727.6 kg ha-1), total dry wieght yield (9082.2 kg ha-1) and 1000-grain weight (3.2 g) were obtained from farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 and cultivation of fenugreek treatment which were about 41%, 34% and 6% more than non cover crop and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 trarment. The green manure of fenugreek at the farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 had the highest effect on leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth ratio, total dry weight trend and radiation use efficiency of sesame. The lowest weeds density belonged to the berseem clover and fenugreek treatments. The cover crop treatments led to reduction the weeds density and total dry wieght at the end of growing season compared to the beginning of growing season. In general, the results of the study demonstrated that the application of farmyard manure and selection of suitable plant species as cover crop and green manure could improve sesame growth and grain yield via improved the soil physico-chemical properties and reduced the weeds damages in the organic farming conditions.   

   Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA To study the effect of planting date and plant density on the quality and quantity of two varieties of flaxseed oil, two field experiments were carried out in 2016 and 2017 in research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah

  Effect of bentonite sulfur and nitrogen on yield and yield components and some qualitative characteristics and root growth of  wheat cultivar Sirvan

  In Iran, due to arid and semi-arid areas, lentil cultivation is mainly rainfed and in this areas, lentil grain yield is much lower than in the world. The main cause for loss of grain yield in these areas is drought stress at the end of plant growth period. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) exploit several mechanisms such as improving nutrient solubility and uptake as well as modulating plant growth hormones to stimulate plant growth and helping them to absorb more water and nutrient under drought stress condition. Therefore, in this study, the effects of different strains of PGPRs on yield quality and quantity and growth characteristics of three lentil cultivars in dryland conditions were evaluated. This research was conduct in research farm of campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University in 2015-2016. Two separate studies was conducted in greenhouse and farm in factorial experiment. In both studies, the first factor was cultivar in three levels (landrace of Kermanshah, Bilesavar, Kimia) and second factor was PGPRs. PGPRs in greenhouse experiment had 10 levels include: B12, B40, E10, E3, P6, D4, D1, B19 and D3. After running of greenhouse experiment top 6 strains of bacteria include: Acromobacter sp.،Bacillus sp. ،Bacillus licheniformis ،Pseudomonas putida، Bacillus cereus، Bacillus megaterium were used in farm. With respect to the results, the effect of PGPR treatment on grain yield, biomass yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grains in pod and stem height was significant. Treated plants with Bacillus licheniformis had the highest grain yield and treated plants with Pseudomonas putida had the highest biomass yield. The cultivars had significant differences in grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, number of empty pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of branches, number of sub branches. Among the lentil cultivars, the Kimia cultivar had the highest and the Kermanshah landrace had the lowest grain yield. The Kimia cultivar was superior to the Bilesavar cultivar and the Kermanshah landrace cultivar in terms of biomass yield, harvest index, 1000 grain weight and plant height. Interaction between cultivars and PGPRs had significant effect on number of grains per plant, number of pod per plant, number of full pod per plant, percentage of stem protein, percentage of grain protein, protein yield, thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity. Acromobacter sp. and Pseudomonas putida strains had the highest effect on number of grain per plant, number of pod per plant and number of full pod per plant. Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis strains had the highest effect on protein percentage of grain and protein yield, respectively. Furthermore, Pseudomonas putida had the highest effect on thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity of lentil cultivars. With respect to the results, application of different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is promising method to increase the grain yield of lentils cultivars in rainfed areas.

  Crop management of weeds is one of the important strategies in sustainable agriculture. In this regard, identification of herbal traits affecting competitive ability and crop nutritional status is of particular importance. This experiment was conducted to identify the herbal properties affecting competitive ability of wheat cultivars with weeds at different levels of nitrogen in 1394 at the research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment was conducted as split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The factors studied included the application of nitrogen at three levels (0, 50 and 100% recommended by soil test) as the main factor and wheat cultivars (Urum, Sirvan, Sivand, Parsi, Pishgam, Pishtaz and Mihan) as sub factors. . In order to investigate the effect of test factors on weed interference, each replication was split longitudinally from the middle to two halves, one of which weed control was controlled throughout the growing season, and in the other, no control was performed. The results showed that the highest and lowest nitrogen yields were 100 and 0%, respectively. Among the wheat cultivars, Pishgam cultivars were the highest and Orum and Mihan cultivars had the least yield. Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application in terms of interference with weeds, the power index of competition tolerance of cultivars decreased and the density and dry weight of weeds increased, indicating more competitive weeds than wheat cultivars. The results showed that in competition with weeds Sivand, Pishtaz and Pishgam cultivars, due to the leaf area index, height, crop growth rate, seedling weights and number of spikes per square meter more, decreased the density and weeds biomass They had a higher competition index than other cultivars.  Key words: Interference, Competition, Variety, Wheat, Nitrogen, Plant Properties

One of the advanced and new methods that has been common is the use of mulch. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2016 and 2017. The plants used were corn, sunflower, lentil and chickpea. The treatments consisted of plastic mulch between rows, plastic mulch on plant (in chickpea, lentil, corn) and control treatment. Plastic mulch among rows had the highest growth and yield in all tested plants compared to other treatments. The results of the comparison of mean treatments showed that grain yield, 100 seed weight, number of pods in chickpea and lentil and in both years were higher in row treatment than control. In lentil in two years, treatment of mulch between the rows had higher number of seed per pod than the control. In chickpea, there was no significant difference in the number of seeds per pod in each two years. In corn, between row treatment had higher biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per row, ear weight and 100 seed weight than control, but there was no significant difference between “treatmet of mulch between rows” with “treatment of mulch on plant”. There was no significant difference in number of rows per ear, pod weight, ear length and chlorophyll content. In sunflower, treatment of mulch between row had higher biological yield, head diameter, head weight and 100 seed weight than control, and there were no significant differences among treatmetns in terms of harvest index, number of seeds per head and chlorophyll content. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the application of mulch between the rows of plant led to an increase in the yield of the plants, probably due to weed growth reduction, moisture retention and improved water use.

سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي از شيوه‌هاي رايج مديريت بقاياي گياهي بوده كه از ديرباز كشاورزان با انگيزه‌هاي مختلف به آن اقدام نموده‌اند. سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي يكي از عوامل تاثيرگذار بر تصاعد گازهاي گلخانه‌اي مانند CO2، N2O، CH4 و همچنين انتشار آلاينده‌هايي مانند   NH3، SO2، NMHC، تركيبات آلي فرار و نيمه‌فرار و غيره... است. از اينرو توجه به اين مسئله و انجام تحقيقات مختلف در اين زمينه مي‌تواند در افزايش آگاهي و جلوگيري از افزايش مضرات آن حائز اهميت باشد. اين تحقيق در سال زراعي 96-95 در استان كرمانشاه شهرستان سرپل­ذهاب انجام شد. ابتدا با مصاحبه با افراد آشنا به منطقه و همچنين كارشناسان اداره جهاد كشاورزي مختصات نقاط سوخته شده تعيين و عمليات نمونه­برداري صحرايي انجام شد. سپس جهت شناسايي نواحي سوخته شده زراعي از تصاوير ماهواره­اي8 LANDSAT سنجنده OIL/TIR   استفاده شد. پس از  انجام اصلاحات به روش FLAASH، در ادامه جهت انتخاب بهترين تفكيك پذيري از روش­هاي تركيب باندي شاخص مطلوبيت (OIF)، PCA و MNF   استفاده شد. طبقه بندي تصاوير با استفاده از روش حداكثر مشابهت صورت گرفت. نتايج نشان داد كه طبقه­بندي تصاوير به نقاط سوخته و نسوخته همبستگي بالا و معني­داري با نمونه­برداري صحرايي داشت كه در اين ميان روش تركيب باندي بر اساس شاخص مطلوبيت از بيشترين دقت (787/0) برخوردار بود. بر اين اساس مساحت زمين هاي زراعي جار سوزي شده 7380 هكتار برآورد شد. نتايج نشان داد كه در اراضي جارسوزي شده شهرستان سرپل ذهاب ميزان كل توليد بقاياي گندم معادل 83025 تن، ميزان بقاياي گندم پس از برداشت 8302 تن و ميزان بقاياي سوزانده شده گندم 6466 تن بود. ميزان انتشار گازهاي گلخانه­اي و آلاينده­هاي متصاعد شده به جو محاسبه و در نهايت نيز مقدار عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد هدر رفته در نتيجه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم در سطح شهرستان برآورد گرديد. محاسبات صورت گرفته نشان داد كه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم مي تواند منجر به تصاعد مقادير 8690، 376، 22، 45/0، 39/2، 26/4، 15/18، 36/61، 17/24، 36/3 و 37/48 تن به ترتيب براي آلاينده­هاي CO2، CO، CH4،   2O، NH3، SO2،   OX، PM2.5، OC، BC و NMVOCS شود. ميزان اتلاف عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد در نتيجه سوزاندن بقايا نيز به ترتيب 17/2575، 58/10 و 13/2 تن برآورد شد. كلمات كليدي: آلاينده­هاي جوي، جارسوزي، گازهاي گلخانه­اي، تصاوير ماهواره­اي، ArcMap

To evaluate the relationship between weeds and with the lentil to predict yield using Artificial Neural Network approach and also showing spatial variability of weeds and yield using geostatistical method, an experiment was conducted on one of the lentil fields of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah. Sampling was systematically carried out in two stages in a network of regular points that the geographic coordinates of each sampling point were recorded using a GPS device, once in the pre-flowering stage of lentil and the second time at the end of the growing season. In these two stages, traits including density, height, canopy percentage and dry weight of weed species, and also canopy percentage, grain yield and biomass of lentil was measured and recorded. In addition, weeds diversity and evenness indices were calculated based on their density. In total, 45 weed species in the first stage and 28 species in the second stage was observed that most of which were annual and broad leaves. The results showed that, among the studied factors, density, canopy and dry weights of weeds had a significant negative effect on lentil yields, which in some cases also positive effect of some weed species was observed. The results also showed the positive effect of increasing the weed species diversity and evenness on lentil yield. In addition, according to the results, crop yield variations affected by weeds at the each area of the field, was different and the geostatistical method was showed that very good. The results showed that artificial neural network method is acceptable for predicting yield and biomass of lentil using weed traits as input of model. The best network to predict the yield was PCAs neural network, made from standard data with Steps learning law, with correlation coefficient of 80% and root normalized mean square error of 5.85%. However, the accuracy of the neural network for biomass prediction was not as effective as yield, so that the correlation coefficient and normalized root mean square error in its best network were 78% and 11.36%, respectively. The results generally showed that the neural network approach could use in lentil yield prediction under weed interference conditions, assuming that other conditions are desirable (non-outbreak of pests and diseases and occurrence of non-biological stresses).  Keywords: Spatial interpolation, Multi-species competition, Regression, Canopy, Site-specific management

  To study the effects of weeds and some factors affecting the yield of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field survey was conducted with sampling of 85 chickpea fields in three villages located in suburb of the city of Rawansar in the Kermanshah province at 2015. Data collection was done in two ways including: a) asking questionnaire from farmers and b) direct sampling of the fields. extracted data from included field area, crop rotation, farmer education level, time of plowing, fertilizer consumption, seed varieties cultivated, sowing date, weed management, date of harvest, harvesting method and the grain yield. Sampling was carried out in two stages: before flowering and pod formation randomly from six points of each field, using 1 x 1 m dimension quadrates. In this way, information such as weed species density and canopy percent , chickpea density and canopy percent , and grain yield were recorded. The results showed that the grain yield of chickpea depending on the type of crop management like time of plowing, sowing, sowing date, sowing method, weed management, date of harvest, and social factors such as farmer education level, age and experience of farmer and also studied village no significant differences were found.   Accordingly, performing twice plow before planting, using mechanized planting techniques, weed management and selection of appropriate planting and harvesting date significantly increased the yield of chickpea and decreased the weed population. In addition, increasing two factors of farmer education level and experience increased crop yield and reduce weeds. Also residing compared with non-residing in the village with an increased probability of more attention of farmers, increased crop yield and reduced weed population. A total of 28 weed species were recorded in the studied fields which most of them were mostly dominant annual and broadleaf weeds in chickpea fields in Kermanshah province. Meanwhile, the weed species of Cichorium intybus and Carthamus oxyacantha had the greatest impact on the grain yield.   ome weeds, like Glycyrrhiza glabra and Hordum glaucum   as a result of interactions with other weeds had a positive impact on the chickpea yield. In addition, increase in diversity and evenness of weed population has a positive impact on the yield of chickpea. It seems that increase the diversity of weed lead to increase competition between weeds and reduces weed competitiveness by themselves. This can reduce the negative impact of some weed species on arable crops. It was probably why the chickpea yield was affected by the positive effects of some weeds. In general it can be said that the factors affecting crop production in real conditions, can raise awareness about the effects of each of these factors, and thus is resulting in better management in the agricultural sector.

  AbstractMoth cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the key pests of agricultural products in Iran and other countries of the world. The cotton bollworm resistance to the most common insecticide groups (Pyrethroids and organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates) to reduce the effect of insecticides in many countries.To solve this problem, new solutions such as the use of biological control methodsespecially the use of antimicrobial compounds may lead to loss of proper control and to delay the development of resistance.Among these entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in integrated pest management is very important, because this fungus has a global distribution and having more than 700 host species, has a wide host range is.Also one of the most important fungal pathogenicity strength and quality assessment methods, the use of biological control and infected table data which in this area are limited.In this study, the effect of fungi B. bassiana, the life table parameters of cotton bollworm, H. armigera (Lep; Noctuidae) were investigated.All experiments, Was performedwithImmersion method, in temperature 25±1C°, relative humidity 65±5and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hour.After primary test, effective concentrations were determined to isolate DC7 102,103,105,106,108 and to isolate DE 101,102,104,106,108were determined, and to investigate the virulence of two strains of fungi DC7 and DE B. bassiana, bioassay second instar larvae of the cotton bollworm in four replications.Results of this study showed that compared to other isolates have created more toxic strain DC7,also LC25 and LC50 for these isolates respectivelywere 2/44 ×102   and 1/5 ×104 ml spore was calculated.The results of life table parameters indicated that this fungus had a significant impact on Mortality.In addition to increased mortality, fertility rates for the insects that alivehave also reduced.Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) to control Sublethal and lethal concentrations, respectively, 0/198, 0/121 and 0/111 on day were calculated.This fungus create mortality, cause deformities in pre-pupa, pupae and adults.Thusit can be said that the fungi in the pathogenesis of the cotton bollworm has great potential. Hence can be used as a biological control agent effective against the pest to be used.

abstarct

AbstractApproximately, one third of the worlds lands face a shortage of precipitation and half of which has annual precipitation less than 250 mm, nearly a quarter of potential evapotra  iration in these areas. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of super absorbent polymer and drought on establishment and seedling growth of some warm and cool season plants under drought condition. The experiment was carried out as factorial design with three replications at the research farm of cumpus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University Razi, Kermanshah. At the field experiment, treatments included plant species and super absorbent polymer levels and at the pot experiment, the treatments were plant species, super-absorbent polymer levels and drought stress (favorable and long-term irrigation). Cool season plants included safflower, canola and alfalfa and warm season plants included foxtail millet, dill and fenugreek. The results showed that by increasing the super absorbent polymer rate, stem, leaf and total fresh weight, stem, leaf and total dry weight, plant height, leaf relative water content, emergence percentage and rate were significantly increased, however chlorophyll index was decreased. Increasing irrigation period (drought stress) decreased these parameters, however chlorophyll index was increased. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in cool season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in safflower was higher than that of alfalfa and canola. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in the warm season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in fenugreek was higher than that of millet and dill. Regarding the result, in order to increase seedling establishment, super adsorbent polymer rate of six grams per square meter is recommended except foxtail millet. For foxtail millet, super absorbent rate of 6 grams per square meter is enough.      Key words: Absorbent Polymer, irrigation period, SPAD index, leaf relative water content