Samad Jamali

   This qualitative study aimed to analyze the challenges of marketing apple products in home businesses in Sahneh County in the villages of Sang-e-Safid and Sartakht. The participants in this study were the owners of the aforementioned businesses. Data were collected using in-depth individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participatory observation in the study villages. After conducting 25 in-depth individual interviews with home business owners and two focus group interviews with 12 of them in the two study villages, data saturation was achieved. After implementation, the interview notes were analyzed using conventional content analysis techniques. The status of home businesses processing apple trees in the study area showed that apple production in these villages dates back six decades and has been the main source of income for the residents of these villages until now. Also, most of these businesses are managed by rural women, and most women in these villages are engaged in the production and processing of apple cider, including dried apples, apple juice, and apple vinegar, as well as the collection of local aromatic and medicinal plants. An examination of the marketing routes of apple cider products in the studied villages (13 routes) showed that these routes start from relatives and reach ordering consumers. In the meantime, the role of village teachers, festivals, local tourists, local shopkeepers, social networks, and travelers cannot be ignored. The results of this study also showed that the studied businesses faced challenges such as lack of marketing skills as the main challenge to the owners of home apple processing businesses’ access to post-production equipment. Meanwhile, lack of liquidity, opposition from spouses, the presence of brokers, remoteness of the village, cultural problems, lack of appropriate brands, retailing, and finally climate change had prevented home apple processing business owners from delivering their products to consumers. By utilizing the solutions proposed in this study, extension and horticulture experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Sahneh County can help resolve challenges and smooth marketing paths for home apple processing business owners, while being aware of the marketing paths of apple products in the region and the challenges facing marketing these products.

   The Zagros forests represent the most extensive habitat for various oak species in Iran. In recent years, these forests have been neglected and are now under severe threat. Epiphytic fungi exist on the surface of plant tissues and constitute diverse groups of biological agents. Determining the diversity and identifying these agents is essential for a proper understanding of their function in plants. Given that epiphytic fungi can significantly impact plant performance and the stability of plant ecosystems, their study is of particular importance. This research aimed to identify the epiphytic fungi on the branches and leaves of Persian oak trees in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, field sampling was conducted over two consecutive years during autumn and winter from the Chehrazber, Chalabeh, Sarmil, and Sarpol-e Zahab regions in the oak forests of Kermanshah province. Samples were taken from the branches and leaves of oak trees. To grow and isolate the fungi, the samples were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. After obtaining pure isolates, the fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics using standard mycological keys and by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. In this study, a total of 981 fungal isolates belonging to 25 different taxa were isolated and identified from the branches and leaves of oak trees in various forest areas of Kermanshah province. This included 433 isolates from branches and 548 isolates from leaves. Among the identified species,  Aureobasidium pullulans,  Quambalaria cyanescens,  Gibberella intermedia,  Cladosporium oxysporum,  Alternaria malorum,  Helenozyma baotianmanensis*,  Chaetomium cochliodes*,  Mucor plumbeus,  Fusarium acuminatum,  Fusarium solani, and  Kalmusia variispora  were isolated and identified from oak leaves. The specie  Acremonium sclerotigenum,  Aureobasidium motuoense*,  Cladosporium ramotenellum*,  Coniochaeta polymorpha*,  Coniochaeta deborreae*,  Alternaria alternata,  Hydeomyces hydei*, and  accothecium sepincola* were isolated and identified from oak branches. Additionally, one isolate at the class level (Dothideomycetes) was isolated and identified from oak branches. Five taxa were identified solely based on morphological methods, including  Aspergillus niger,  enicillium  .,  eoscytalidium dimidiatum,  aecilomyces formosus, and  eauveria bassiana. Species marked with an asterisk (*) are reported from Iran for the first time.

به منظور شناسايي مولكولي قارچ‌هاي همراه با بذرهاي سالم و آلوده بلوط ايراني به سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوطCurculio glandium (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)   در استان كرمانشاه، نمونه‌برداري در ?? سايت جنگلي مجزا از اكتبر 2023 تا ژانويه 2024 انجام شد. در هر سايت، ?? درخت به طور تصادفي انتخاب شد و از هر درخت، ?? بذر بلوط به ظاهر سالم و ?? بذر بلوط احتمالاً آلوده به سوسك جمع‌آوري گرديد. بلوط‌ها در كيسه‌هاي كاغذي برچسب‌دار به آزمايشگاه بيماري­شناسي گياهي دانشگاه رازي براي جداسازي قارچ منتقل شدند. درصد بلوط­هاي آلوده­شده توسط C. glandium و قابليت زنده­ماني اين بلوط­ها ارزيابي شد. از بين 200 بذر بلوط جمع­آوري شده نيمي از آنها بلافاصله در خاك گلدان تجاري كاشته شدند و نيمي ديگر پس از يكسال نگهداري در انبار، كاشته شدند. شناسايي مولكولي پس از شناسايي ريخت‌شناسي توسط يك حشره‌شناس مجرب استخراج گرديد. آغازگر اختصاصي گونه بر اساس توالي COI مربوط بهC. glandium     و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار OLIGO 7.56   طراحي شد. اختصاصيت آغازگر اختصاصي C. glandium از طريق آزمون‌ واكنش زنجيره­اي پليمراز با استفاده از الگوهاي DNA حاصل از طيفي از حشرات غيرهدف اعتبارسنجي شد. دي.ان.اي. ژنومي از كشت‌هاي خالص ?? ريخت‌گونه قارچي كه روي محيط PDA رشد كرده بودند، استخراج شد و كيفيت و خلوص آن با استفاده از اسپكتروفوتومتر و الكتروفورز روي ژل آگارز ? درصد در بافر TAE ارزيابي گرديد. نرمال بودن داده‌ها و همگني واريانس‌ها به ترتيب با استفاده از آزمون‌هاي شاپيرو-ويلك و لوون مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. طول زخم از طريق آناليز واريانس يكطرفه ارزيابي شد و تفاوت‌هاي معنادار بين ميانگين‌ها با استفاده از آزمون توكي مشخص گرديد. نتايج نشان داد نرخ آلودگي تنوع زيادي داشت و ميانگين كلي نرخ آلودگي بذرها به سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوط ?/? ± ?/?? درصد بود. درصد جوانه­زني بذرهايي كه بلافاصه پس از جمع­آوري كاشته شده بودند (90 درصد) نسبت به بذرهايي كه پس از يكسال انبارداري كاشته شدند (30 درصد)، بالاتر بود. توالي­يابي ناحيه سيتوكروم c اكسيداز با آغازگرهاي اختصاصي سبب شناسايي پروانه بذرخوار بلوط (Cydia fagiglandana)   شد. اختصاصيت جفت آغازگر FCuGl/RCuGl جهت شناسايي لاروهاي سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوط (C. glandium) تأييد شد. در مجموع گونه­هاي قارچي Aspergillus niger (31 درصد)، Paecilomyces lecytidis (5/20 درصد)، Quambalaria cyanescens (4/12 درصد)، Rhizopus stolonifera (6/5 درصد) و Fusarium proliferatum (9/4 درصد) به لحاظ فراواني در رده­هاي اول تا پنجم شايع­ترين گونه­هاي قارچي آلوده­كننده بذرهاي بلوط در مناطق مورد بررسي بودند. تحليل فيلوژنتيك، شناسايي‌هاي مولكولي حاصل از جستجوهاي BLAST را تأييد كرد. از ???? عدد بذر بلوط، ??? جدايه قارچي متعلق به ?? تاكسون به دست آمد كه 7/81 درصد تنوع مربوط به قارچ­هاي آسكوميست و زيرشاخه Pezizomycotina و 2/0 درصد تنوع مربوط به زيرشاخه Saccharomycotina، 4/12 درصد از قارچ­هاي بازيديوميست و 8/5 درصد تنوع مربوط به شاخه Mucormycota بودند. به لحاظ فراواني نيز بيشترين جدايه­هاي قارچي خانواده آسكوميست مربوط به Eurotiales (34/56 درصد)، Hypocreales (1/24 درصد) و Botryosphaeriales (9/5 درصد) بودند و راسته Hypocreales با پنج تاكسون، بيشترين تنوع تاكسونوميك را نشان داد. نهال‌هاي مايه­زني شده با قارچ‌هاي B. fabicerciana، C. bennettii، C. deborreae، Coniochaeta sp.، Cytospora sp.، C. ribis، C. rhodophila، F. equiseti، F. proliferatum، N. macnamarae، N. dimidiatum، P. lecythidis، Q. cyanescens و T. roseum سبب ايجاد بيماري شدند. مايه­زني بذرهاي بلوط‌ با جدايه‌هاي قارچي در شرايط كنترل‌شده، درجات مختلفي از لكه­هاي نكروز را ايجاد كرد كه بر اساس طول زخم كمي‌سازي شد.

درخت زيتون (Olea europaea L.)، عضوي از خانواده زيتونيان (Oleaceae)، يكي از قديمي‌ترين محصولات درختي است كه از هزاران سال پيش در منطقه مديترانه كاشته شده است. اين درخت كه به درخت جاودانگي نيز شهرت دارد، نه تنها نقش مهمي در اقتصاد و رژيم غذايي مردمان اين منطقه ايفا مي‌كند، بلكه در حفظ تنوع زيستي، جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك و زيبايي منظر نيز سهم بسزايي دارد. در سال­هاي اخير درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه دچار علائمي از جمله سرخشكيدگي و زوال شده­اند. در اين بررسي از درختان زيتون داراي علائم بيماري نمونه­برداري صورت گرفت. در اين پژوهش، 250 جدايه قارچي از 30 نمونه درخت مبتلا به علائمي همچون سرخشكيدگي، پژمردگي، شانكر تنه و طوقه و زوال پس از ضدعفوني سطحي و كشت روي محيط عصاره سيب­زميني دكستروز آگار بدست آمد. قارچ­هاي جداسازي شده از درختان زيتون با علائم بيماري با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه­برداري شده داخلي دي.ان.اي.ريبوزومي و ژن بتاتوبولين شناسايي شدند. جنس‌هاي قارچي شناسايي شده عبارت بودند از: Aspergillus   با 10 كلني (? درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Penicillium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Clonostachys با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Fusarium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neoscytalidium با 110 كلني (44 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neopestalotiopsis با 80 كلني (32 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) و Pseudophaeomoniella   با 35 كلني (14 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) . از ميان جدايه­هاي بدست آمده، قارچ Neoscytalidium با فراواني 44 درصد بيشترين جدايه را به خود اختصاص داد. قارچ Neopestalotiopsis با فراواني 32 درصد و Pseudophaeomoniella   با فراواني 14 درصد به ترتيب در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مايه­زني جدايه­هاي بدست آمده روي شاخه­هاي بريد زيتون در آزمايشگاه و نهال­هاي زيتون دو ساله در گلخانه انجام شد. جدايه­هاي مربوط به Pseudophaeomoniella  ، Neoscytalidium و Neopestalotiopsis قادر به ايجاد شانكر روي شاخه­هاي بريده و نهال­ها بودند. براي تائيد اصول كخ، پس از مايه زني، جدايه­ها مجدد از بافت­هاي بيمار جداسازي شدند. اين اولين گزارش از وجود اين قارچ­ها به عنوان بيمارگر درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه مي­باشد. درخت زيتون (Olea europaea L.)، عضوي از خانواده زيتونيان (Oleaceae)، يكي از قديمي‌ترين محصولات درختي است كه از هزاران سال پيش در منطقه مديترانه كاشته شده است. اين درخت كه به درخت جاودانگي نيز شهرت دارد، نه تنها نقش مهمي در اقتصاد و رژيم غذايي مردمان اين منطقه ايفا مي‌كند، بلكه در حفظ تنوع زيستي، جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك و زيبايي منظر نيز سهم بسزايي دارد. در سال­هاي اخير درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه دچار علائمي از جمله سرخشكيدگي و زوال شده­اند. در اين بررسي از درختان زيتون داراي علائم بيماري نمونه­برداري صورت گرفت. در اين پژوهش، 250 جدايه قارچي از 30 نمونه درخت مبتلا به علائمي همچون سرخشكيدگي، پژمردگي، شانكر تنه و طوقه و زوال پس از ضدعفوني سطحي و كشت روي محيط عصاره سيب­زميني دكستروز آگار بدست آمد. قارچ­هاي جداسازي شده از درختان زيتون با علائم بيماري با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه­برداري شده داخلي دي.ان.اي.ريبوزومي و ژن بتاتوبولين شناسايي شدند. جنس‌هاي قارچي شناسايي شده عبارت بودند از: Aspergillus   با 10 كلني (? درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Penicillium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Clonostachys با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Fusarium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neoscytalidium با 110 كلني (44 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neopestalotiopsis با 80 كلني (32 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) و Pseudophaeomoniella   با 35 كلني (14 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) . از ميان جدايه­هاي بدست آمده، قارچ Neoscytalidium با فراواني 44 درصد بيشترين جدايه را به خود اختصاص داد. قارچ Neopestalotiopsis با فراواني 32 درصد و Pseudophaeomoniella   با فراواني 14 درصد به ترتيب در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مايه­زني جدايه­هاي بدست آمده روي شاخه­هاي بريد زيتون در آزمايشگاه و نهال­هاي زيتون دو ساله در گلخانه انجام شد. جدايه­هاي مربوط به Pseudophaeomoniella  ،

   The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a key storage pest of legumes in tropical regions such as Iran, with losses reaching up to 90% during storage. Damage includes seed weight reduction, perforation, and secondary contamination. Using chemical insecticides such as malathion and thiamethoxam in storage faces challenges, including pest resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, integrated pest management (IPM) with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae is proposed to reduce the use of these insecticides. These fungi control pests by penetrating the cuticle and producing degradative enzymes, but their slow action requires a combination with insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the individual efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (selected isolate) and two commonly used insecticides, thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid) and malathion (an organophosphate), as well as their interactions on adult C. maculatus under laboratory conditions. After determining lethal and sublethal doses and other toxicological parameters using probit models for single agents, the impact of simultaneous application of the fungus with sublethal insecticide doses was assessed. Analytical methods such as the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) and combination analysis models were used to evaluate the type of interaction (synergistic, additive, or antagonistic). The laboratory methodology included Iranian-native fungal isolates, pest rearing on chickpea (28°C, 75% RH), bioassays at various concentrations, and statistical analysis of synergy. Results showed that the selected fungal isolates were highly virulent; B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused 70-85% mortality at 10^6-10^7 conidia/mL concentrations. In seed treatment, insecticides were more effective with thiamethoxam, having a lower LD50. Regarding compatibility, sublethal insecticide doses (LD25) had only minor adverse effects on mycelial growth (10-15% reduction), sporulation (20% reduction), and conidial viability (80-90% retained), with malathion being more compatible than thiamethoxam. Regarding mixtures, results showed that combining the fungus with LC25 of insecticides induced synergy, raising mortality to 90-95% and reducing lethal time from 7-10 days to 4-6 days. The interaction between thiamethoxam at a sublethal dose and M. anisopliae produced the most potent synergistic effect. This indicates that a very low dose of thiamethoxam (about one-quarter of LD50) amplified the fungus's pest-killing ability by more than threefold. This synergy is likely due to neonicotinoids weakening the insect's immune system, facilitating fungal penetration. Native isolates are effective, and co-application reduces pesticide use by 50-70%, manages resistance, and preserves the environment. Synergism is due to the weakening by insecticides and easier fungal entry. Compared to similar studies, Iranian native isolates perform better. Challenges include fungal persistence at low storage humidity and the need for commercial formulations. Recommendations include field trials and integration with other IPM factors for broader application in Iranian storage systems. This study lays the groundwork for combined biological-chemical formulations to enhance food security and sustainable agriculture.    Keywords: Malathion, thiamethoxam, toxicity, mixture, synergism, antagonism, fungal fitness, integrated pest management.   

   گل جاليز، انگلي جهاني است كه خسارات قابل‌توجهي به محصولات زراعي، به‌ويژه گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا وارد مي‌كند. براي كنترل اين انگل، محققان به دنبال روش‌هاي زيستي؛ مانند استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت هستند. در اين پژوهش باهدف مهار زيستي گل جاليز، اثر ?? جدايه قارچي اندوفيت روي ارقام مختلف گوجه‌فرنگي (كارون و متين) و كلزا (نپتون) بررسي شد. با استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه‌برداري شده داخلي دي ‌ان‌ اي ريبوزومي   گل جاليز جمع‌آوري‌شده از مزارع گوجه‌فرنگي Phelipanche aegyptiaca (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738595 و ON738596) و گل جاليز جمع­آوري شده از مزارع كلزا Phelepanch cilicata (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738605 و ON738606) شناسايي شد. پس از شناسايي مولكولي گل جاليز جمع‌آوري شده از مزارع، آزمايش‌ها در شرايط كنترل شده انجام شد. اين آزمايش در شرايط گلخانه‌اي و بر اساس طرح كامل تصادفي انجام شد. براي تهيه اينوكولوم قارچي، ابتدا بذر‌هاي گندم سترون شده با ريسه و اسپور قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مايه­زني و به مدت دو هفته در دماي 25 درجه سلسيوس كشت داده شدند. سپس 10 گرم از اين بذر‌هاي آلوده به همراه 2 كيلوگرم خاك سترون و 0.05 گرم بذر گل جاليز با هم مخلوط شده و در گلدان‌هاي حاوي اين مخلوط، نشاء‌هاي گوجه‌فرنگي رقم كارون و بذر‌هاي كلزا رقم نپتون كاشته شدند. سه الي چهار ماه پس از كاشت و با ظهور بوته‌هاي گياهان به همراه گل جاليز، صفات رشدي گياهان از جمله وزن خشك اندام هوايي و ريشه، ارتفاع گياه و محتواي كلروفيل برگ‌ها اندازه‌گيري شد. نتايج آماري آناليز نشان داد كه بين گياهان تيمار شده با قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت و گروه شاهد (گياه با گل جاليز و بدون قارچ اندوفيت)، اختلاف معني‌داري در برخي از صفات رشدي وجود دارد. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم متين)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي و طول ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي TC-26-6, RU-BeBa, RU-ClRo و TC-26-6 از قارچ­هاي، Alternaria Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys rosea و Alternaria با افزايش 8/61، 6/52، 9/76 و 9/77 درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. همچنين جدايه­هاي مربوط به گونه­هاي مختلف Trichoderma و گونه­هاي Microdochium bolleyi و Ascotricha funiculosa بيشترين تأثير در افزايش وزن خشك‌ريشه در حدود ?? درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد شدند. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم كارون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، طول ريشه و وزن خشك‌ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي RU-RoTo، RU-TrRo، RU-TrAt، TW-24-2 و RU-ClRo   از قارچ­هاي Rodotorula   torulidae، Trichothecium roseum، Trichoderma atroviride، Alternaria     و   Clonostachys rosea   به ترتيب با افزايش 42،   6/46،   9/68،   73،   3/78 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. در بررسي تأثير قارچ­هاي اندوفيت بر گياه كلزا (رقم نپتون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك‌ريشه و طول ريشه نسبت به گياه شاهد مربوط به جدايه­هاي TC-26-6، RU-AsNi، RU-FuTr،   RU-TrRo و RU-RoTo از قارچ­هاي Alternaria، Aspergillus niger، Fusarium tricinctum، Trichotecium roseum و Rodotorula toruloidea به ترتيب با افزايش 7/87، 8/79، 6/79، 8/58 و 6/73 درصد بودند. بيشترين مقدار محتواي كلروفيلي در گياه كلزا مربوط به جدايه TrKo از قارچ Trichoderma koningiopsis ‌ با افزايش 6/65 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بود. يافته‌هاي اين مطالعه نشان داد كه قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند نقش مهمي در بهبود عملكرد گياهان گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا، به‌ويژه در شرايط وجود انگل گل جاليز ايفا كنند. در مجموع استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند به‌عنوان ره يافتي اميدبخش در مديريت تلفيقي اين علف هرز انگلي مورداستفاده قرار گيرد.

The red rot disease of oak trees caused by Paecilomyces formosus is becoming a serious threat to the forests of western Iran, especially Kermanshah province. So far, no control measures have been taken against this pathogen. The use of chemical pesticides is not recommended in these sensitive ecosystems, so it is necessary to find sustainable and environmentally friendly biological control methods.  In this research, the biocontrol effect of 9 Trichoderma species including Trichoderma arundinaceum, T. asperellum, T. avecolar, T. brevicompactum, T. crassum, T. koningii, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum and T. virens were evaluated on P. formosus in laboratory and greenhouse. The results showed that T. brevicompactum and T. virens species were more effective than other treatments in the cross-culture test with 77.1 and 64.2 percent inhibition and in the mushroom extract test with 57.65 and 1.57 percent inhibition against the growth of pathogenic fungi, and T. brevicompactum, T. koningiopsis and T. longibrachiatum with 60, 56.3 and 54.5 percent inhibition in the volatile compounds test. They had the most effect in reducing the growth of P. formosusIn the examination of pathogenicity test in laboratory and greenhouse conditions, all Trichoderma species significantly reduced the length of canker caused by P. formosus. T. brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum were the most effective fungi with 89.8% and 69.4%, respectively, in reducing the canker length caused by P. formosus in the laboratory test. In the greenhouse test, T. virens and T. brevicompactum were more successful in reducing the canker length with 66.6 and 56.6%, respectively, compared to other treatments.

Root rot and seedling mortality diseases have been recognized as significant threats to the survival and growth of forest seedlings, particularly Iranian oak, worldwide. These diseases cause substantial economic losses to nurseries and pose serious challenges to forest restoration. This study aimed to accurately identify the pathogens contributing to root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in Kermanshah Province, Iran. One hundred infected seedlings exhibiting symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, leaf drop, and crown and root rot were collected from Iranian oak nurseries in the province and transferred to the laboratory. The roots and crowns of infected seedlings were sectioned into 5 mm pieces, rinsed with tap water, and surface-disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite. The pieces were then rinsed three times with sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, and cultured on potato dextrose agar medium containing 20 mg/L chloramphenicol and 50 mg/L streptomycin. The PARP medium was also used to isolate potential oomycetes involved in root rot. The grown fungi were morphologically identified using standard taxonomic keys and then definitively identified using molecular methods (sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, elongation factor, large subunit of ribosomal DNA, and various regions of cytochrome oxidase). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on healthy seedlings to confirm the role of the isolated fungi in causing the disease. The results of this study revealed that the fungal species Phytopythium litorale, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium redolens, and Diaporthe amygdali were the most important pathogens causing root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in the studied nurseries. Re-isolation of these species from infected tissues was performed to fulfill Koch's postulates. Phylogenetic analysis placed our species in monophyletic groups with other valid species obtained from the GenBank of other countries. The findings of this study confirm the importance of root rot and seedling mortality diseases in threatening the survival of Iranian oak seedlings. The identification of pathogens is a crucial step in managing and controlling these diseases. The results of this study can be used in planning for the production of healthy seedlings and managing diseases in Iranian oak nurseries. Furthermore, more studies are needed to investigate the factors affecting the spread of these diseases and to develop biological control methods.

   Oak dieback disease caused by the fungus Paecilomyces formosus threatens oak trees in the Zagros forests in western Iran. Various insects, such as wood-infesting beetles (Coleoptera), may play a role in dissemination of P. formosus. We collected larvae and adult insects from branch wood of oak trees with dieback symptoms in the Zagros forests. For larval identification, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COXI) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fungal isolates from wood and insects collected from the sampled oaks were identified by morphology, acid production on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) medium, phylogeny of DNA sequence data for the ?-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. To detect P. formosus in larvae and adult insects, we used a nested PCR assay with the species-specific primer pairs PaMF and PaMR. The insects that most often tested positive for P. formosus were larvae of the buprestids Acmaeodera sp. and Chrysobothris affinis, and larvae of the cerambycid Trichoferus campestris. Adults of C. affinis and Calchaenesthes diversicolis (Cerambycidae), which were collected from within their galleries, also tested positive. Beetle larvae of Anthaxia sp. (Buprestidae), Latipalpis plana (Buprestidae), Monochamus sp. (Cerambycidae) and Crypticus gibbulus (Tenebrionidae) also tested positive. Larvae that tested negative for P. formosus were species of Cossidae (Lepidoptera), Elateridae (Coleoptera), Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera) and Syrphidae (Diptera). Future research is needed to determine whether any of these insects can serve as vectors of P. formosus. These results can be used to target-specific insects for monitoring.

   Abstract Accurate identification of host species is very important for disease diagnosis and adopting the correct disease management strategy. Paecilomyces formosus species, the cause of red rot and decay of oak, is an emerging threat that may put Iran's Zagros forests in serious danger in the future. In this study, the nested polymerase chain reaction with PaMF and PaMR specific primers designed by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed region of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS of P formosus species and other close arrays were used to detect this species. For this purpose, sampling of forest trees with symptoms of red rot was done in two provinces of Kermanshah and Ilam. Paecilomyces isolates were identified using morphological characteristics, acid production on keratin sucrose agar culture medium and sequencing of the rDNA-ITS region and part of the betatubulin gene. By using nested polymerase chain reaction, the 441 bp band was exclusively amplified from P. formosus genomic DNA, and no band was observed for other species, including P. variotii species. The nested polymerase chain reaction method can detect 100 pg of P. formosus genomic DNA. Sixty trees from seven areas in the Zagros forests were evaluated with red rot symptoms. This is the first report of P. formosus pathogenicity in Paliurus spina-christi trees. In addition, the severity of the disease was measured on 11 tree species at three different temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 degrees Celsius. The severity of the disease caused by all the isolates on the branches isolated at 35°C was higher than at 15 and 25°C. This study presents the host range of this pathogen and shows that these potential hosts are susceptible to the pathogen at the high temperatures that forest trees have experienced in recent decades.

The current study included the isolation and identification of fungi associated with the seeds of wheat and barley plants, which are considered important agricultural crops globally, where the isolated fungi were diagnosed by traditional methods as well as by PCR method. Sequencing and phylogenetic tree were also conducted to monitor the evolutionary relationship of some fungal isolates under this study. The study also included the preparation of different concentrations of silver and zinc nanoparticles for the purpose of testing their effect on isolated fungi in in vitro (laboratory) conditions as well as in the in vivo (soil). The results of our current study showed the superiority of superficially sterilized seeds over non-superficially sterilized seeds in terms of the number and frequency of isolated fungi, which included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizupus oryzae, Alternaria alternata, and Alternaria solani. In wheat seeds the fungus A. niger was the most frequent in both sterile and non-superficially sterilized seeds where it was 28% and 37.8%, respectively, while in barley the fungus Rhizopus oryzae was the most common with 17% and 55.3% , respectively. The molecular biological study also revealed that our isolates are close to genuine isolates from Pakistan (A. niger), India (A. terreus and A. solani), China and America (A. fumigatus and R. oryzae). The genetic study using PCR, gene sequencing, and a phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolates were identical to the traditional screening that relied on phenotypic traits (A. parasiticus). The current study demonstrated the existence of various effects of zinc and silver nanoparticles in plates (well diffusion method), as treatment of all concentrations (5, 10 and 15 percent) did not significantly differ from one another, but it gave an inhibition that reached above in the fungus A. niger at a concentration of 15 percent for silver nanoparticles, where it reached 11.33 mm, even though these particles gave a clear inhibition. The effect of treatment with nanoparticles was varying on the germination rate of wheat and barley seeds in the plates, the seeds gave a germination rate of 100% when using silver nanoparticles for both wheat and barley, but the zinc nanoparticles gave a germination rate of 96.6% at concentration of 15% for wheat, while the rest of the concentrations gave a germination rate of 100% for both wheat and barley. Regarding the root and peduncle, they were impacted by the nanoparticle treatments mentioned above. The treatment of barley seeds with a concentration of 5 percent silver nano, where the length of the stem was 30 mm, had the greatest impact. Except for the treatment of zinc nanometers on the root in barley, which gave a significant germination rate than in the comparison, and the concentration of 5 percent nano silver on the peduncle, all treatments of the seeds in field experiments gave the dusty and non-dusty seeds a single germination rate, which is 100 percent. All nanoparticle coefficients were also significantly influential. Key words: Fungi, Molecular identification, Nanoparticles, Pesticides, Iraq.

Capped mushrooms form a large group of basidiomycota fungi, which are called gilled mushrooms in English. The term agaric fungi is used for fungi of the order Agaricales, which have umbrella-shaped and fleshy basidiocarps, and usually consist of a cap and a base. This group of fungi decomposes rotten wood and returns useful substances to the soil, and also plays a role in destroying sick and weak trees. A group of these mushrooms are important in terms of nutrients and medicine, and some can cause disease, biological control, or poisoning. during a survey of Agaric mushrooms of Dalaho, determine the toxic and deadly habitat in the region, check the presence of suitable species for artificial cultivation, saprophit species in the Dalaho highlands and suurounding plains, conduted from 2019 to 2021, About 104 specimens of Agaric Fungi were collected. The specimens were examined based on macroscopy features (shape of pileus and stipe, the presence or absence of volva at the base stip ,   the presence or absence of   a ring on the stip, gill attachment, the spore print color, etc.) and microscopic properties (shape and type of hypha, the presence or absence of clamp connection, shape, color and size of basidiospore, shape and size basidiospore, shape and size cystidia, ect). after examining these characteristics, the specimens were dried by a dehydrator and then kept in a freezer at -20°C for two weeks in order to eliminate possible pests. Then the samples were placed in zipped plastic bags, and while assigning a herbarium code to each specimens, one specimens was sent to herbarium of fungi, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. In order to complete the morphological identification, the specimens were analyzed molecularly. In this study, ITS intra-ribosomal transcribed region, which includes ITS1, 5.8S coding gene, and ITS2, was used. Out of 104 collected specimens, 75 specimens were analyzed and 29 specimens were excluded due to insufficient number of samples. The studied specimens belong to 20 genera and 26 species. Among the identified species, five species including Melanoleuca exscissa, Peziza varia, Suillellus luridus, Tubaria co  ersa, Tulosesus impatiens, are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province and five species including   Coprinellus bipellis, Coprinopsis strossmayeri, Leucocalocybe mongolica, Meottomyces dissimulans, Mycena zephirus are new for the Iranian Flora.  

sampling was done during the spring of 2017-2019. After the morphological identification of the samples, molecular identification of the samples was carried out using universal ITS1/ITS4 primers. Four species including Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi, Geopora cooperi and Geopora ramila were identified among the collected samples. The species G. cooperi was the first report for the fungal flora of Iran and the species G. ramila was described as a new species for the world. G. cooperi had a mycorrhizal association with pine (Pinus eldarica) and G. ramila had a mycorrhizal association with Helianthemum ledifolium. Confirming the mycorrhizal association between these two species requires more molecular and greenhouse studies. Mycorrhizal association of two species T. claveryi and T. pinoyi with four host plant species including Cistus ladanifer, C. laurifolius, Helianthemum almeriense and H. lippii was investigated in greenhouse conditions. The obtained results showed that T. pinoyi forms ectendomycorrhiza with the four mentioned plant species. The best mycorrhizal association between T. pinoyi and T. claveri with H. lippii respectively was 90% and 87%   mycorrhizal and 57.85% and 48.18% relative mycorrhizal. The species T. claveri also formed ectendomycorrhiza with different degrees of development of sheath with four plant species.   y preparing specific primers for the internal transcribed Ribosomal DNA for T. pinoyi species (FTiPi/RTiPi) and T. claveryi species (FTeCl/RTeCl) were confirmed in the nested PCR, the mycorrhizal association of these two species with four host plant species.   

This study was conducted to investigate theeffect of wheat straw treatment with fungi on chemical composition, cell walldigestibility and in vitro fermentation kinetics. Isolates of Trichodermafungi including T. koningiopsis, T. aeruginosum, T. atroviride, T.virens and T. koningi, thermophilic fungus Malbranchea cinamomea, Aschotrichaisolated from stone beds in Iran including A. funiculosa and A.chartarum as well as yeast Rodotorula toruloides were used.   autoclaved wheat straw inoculated with eachisolate and non-autoclaved straw and autoclaved straw (negative and positivecontrol, respectively) were kept for 30 days.chemical composition, digestibilityof dry matter, organic matter and cell wall components by in vitro method andrumen fermentation kinetics using gas production technique were determined. Inaddition, fungi from wheat straw samples of Kermanshah province were identifiedusing a taxonomic key. The content of organic matter, cell wall and cell wallcomponents of wheat straw was affected when treated with different fungi.Digestibility of organic matter of straw treated with Trichoderma andthermophilic fungi  increased and with ston fungi and yeast decreased. Anincrease in the digestibility of insoluble fibers in neutral detergent wasobserved with Trichoderma, thermophilic and stony fungi compared toautoclaved straw. Compared to non-autoclaved straw, autoclaved straw showed asignificant higher digestibility of organic matter and cell wall. Among thefungi used for treating straw, Trichoderma resulted in the highest increasein organic matter and cell wall digestibility. From samples of wheat strawcollected from different regions of Kermanshah province, including Qasr Shirin,Sarpol Zahab and Kermanshah cities, more than 100 fungal isolates wereobserved. Three fungi Alternaria, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Cladosporiumwere common among the straws collected from all regions. The results of thestudy showed that treating wheat straw with Trichoderma fungi,especially T. koningiopsis, improved the digestibility of organic matterand cell wall component  y affecting the chemical composition of wheatstraw.  

In terms of annual production rank, potato plant is after plants such as wheat and rice and is one of the valuable sources of human food, especially in developing countries. Various fungal diseases cause damage to the organs of the potato plant, which reduces the yield and quality of the potato crop. Some of these pathogens can cause symptoms such as canker and caries. One of these pathogens is Paramyrothecium. In order to investigate the morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics of Paramyrothecium isolates along with potato stem canker, sampling was performed on four potato cultivation plots from the research farms of Razi University of Kermanshah in August and September 2017. Sampling of plants with signs of leaf spot, fruit rot, stem, crown and root was done randomly from four farms on the Facultaty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. From each field, 5 infected samples were collected. After isolating and purifying Paramyrothecium, the reaction of 20 species from 9 plant families to this fungus and also the severity of pathogenicity in five tobacco samples were measured. The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics of 20 purified isolates, all belonged to P. roridum. According to phylogenetic analysis of two selected fungal isolates among these isolates, using sequences related to ?-tubulin and ITS region, the results showed that these two isolates were 98% similar to P. roridum CBS37250 isolates. And P. roridum CBS21295 and P. roridum ZB1 and P. roridum

  Abstract:Aim:Seedling establishmentis one of the most important stages of crop cultivation.Using seeds with highvigor is a suitable way.From the past until now, the standard germination testis used as a primary test to determine the seed quality.But its result canrarely determine the seedling establishment in the field.If the farm conditionis far from the optimum, the obtained results in the laboratory and in thefield will show more difference.Today, to prevent this problem, seed vigortests are used.Studying the relationship between laboratory tests and seedlingestablishment in the field is one of the most important researches in the seedtechnology.The purpose of this study was to evaluate different seed vigor testsin the laboratory for oat varieties to predict the seedlings establishment inthe field and determine the most suitable test.Materials and methods:Inthis study, eight oat seed lots (belonging to four varieties new produced in2019 and old produced in 2012) were used.The research was conducted in thelaboratory and research farm of Razi University during 2019-21.In thelaboratory section, various seed vigor tests such as standard germination test,cold test, osmotic stress test, water imbibition test, electrical conductivitytest and accelerating aging test were performed on eight oat seed lots.In thefield section, the percentage and rate of seedling emergence were alsomeasured.Finally, the correlation among the results of the laboratory tests andthe field test were measured.Results:Oat seed lots weredifferent in terms of vigor.Among the seed lots, Qual and then Potoro varietieshad higher seed germination, seedling, vegetative and reproductive growth thanEuro and Tarahomara varieties.As the seeds aged, the amount of seed vigor decreasedsignificantly.Standard germination test, cold test, osmotic stress test,electrical conductivity test and water imbibition test were able to predict thepercentage and emergence of oat seedlings in the field.In the standardgermination test, the germination rate had the highest correlation with thepercentage and rate of seedling emergence in the field, but in the cold test,the highest correlation was obtained in the seedling vigor index of the normalseedlings.In the osmotic stress test, plumul length and seedling weight had thehighest correlation with the seedling emergence percentage; but radicle weightand seedling vigor index of the normal seedlings had the highest correlationwith the seedling emergence rate in the field.According to the correlationcoefficients in the electrical conductivity and the water imbibition tests,these tests were also able to predict the seed vigor in the field.Conclusion:Based on theresults of the experiment, the osmotic stress test and then the cold test are recommendedto determine the oat seed vigor and predict the seedling establishment in thefield.In other words, these tests have a high potential in separating strongand weak seeds.Keywords:Accelerated agingtest, cold test, electrical conductivity test, osmotic stress test, standardgermination test, water imbibition test.  

كارآفريني معلولان يكي از راهكارهايي است   كه در طي دو دهه گذشته جهت مقابله با بيكاري و كم­كاري افراد داراي معلوليت مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. از اين­رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسايي عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي بخش كوزران در استان كرمانشاه به   روش آميخته (كيفي- كمي) انجام شد. مشاركت­كنندگان در بخش كيفي 21 نفر از معلولان روستايي و 15 نفر از مديران و كارشناسان سازمان بهزيستي بودند. ابزار گردآوري داده­ها در اين بخش مصاحبه­نيمه ساختارمند بود كه تا مرحله اشباع نظري ادامه يافت. تجزيه و تحليل داده­هاي گردآوري شده به روش تحليل محتوي و با استفاده از نرم­افزار Maxqda12 منجر به شناسايي 58 مفهوم مرتبط با عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي شد كه اين مفاهيم در قالب 15 سازه و 4 مقوله اصلي شامل شايستگي­هاي كارآفرينانه معلولان روستايي؛ عوامل فردي مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي؛ عوامل زمينه­اي مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي و عوامل ساختاري مرتبط با كارآفريني معلولان روستايي دسته­بندي شدند. همچنين تحليل داده­ها منجر به شناسايي 27 مفهوم مرتبط با راهكارهاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي شد كه در قالب 5 راهكار آموزشي- توانمندسازي؛ فرهنگ­سازي و تغيير نگرش عمومي به كارآفريني معلولان؛ حمايت و پشتيباني مادي- معنوي؛ تنوع­بخشي زمينه اشتغال و برندسازي محصولات معلولان و بهبود كمي و كيفي نيروي انساني دسته­بندي شدند. در مرحله كمي برپايه يافته­هاي بخش كيفي ابزار پژوهش تدوين شد. جامعه آماري اين بخش معلولان روستايي داراي قابليت اشتغال در بخش كوزران بودند (130N =) كه با توجه به محدوديت جامعه آماري همه آنها به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و در نهايت تحليل داده­ها با 118 پرسشنامه و به كمك نرم­افزارهاي   V25 و Smart PLS انجام شد. در بخش كمي عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي و همچنين راهكارهاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي كه در بخش كيفي شناسايي شده بود توسط داده­هاي تجربي تأييد شد. از اين رو پيشنهاد مي­گردد در راستاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي نتايج اين پژوهش مورد توجه سازمان­ها و نهادهاي مرتبط با كارآفريني معلولان روستايي قرار گيرد.

  Take-all is among the most important wheat diseases worldwide. The present study assessed the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyi on controlling this disease in wheat ‘Pishgam’ cultivar for the first time. In this regard, a greenhouse experiment was conducted based on the completely randomized design with the treatments of control, nitrogen+phosphorus fertilizers (100 and 200 mg/kg urea, and 50 and 100 mg/kg triple superphosphate) alone and their combination with pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis and endophytic fungus M. bolleyi. Then, root dry and shoot fresh weight, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll level, as well as the percentage of root contamination were measured. Based on the results, root dry and shoot fresh weight, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll content were significantly maximized following the treatments containing urea and triple superphosphate at various levels, and endophytic fungus (p<0.05). In terms of pathogenesis control, about 46% decrease was observed in take-all disease among the wheat receiving urea+triple superphosphate alone.

  AbstractThis study was performed to investigate theeffects of using Ferolago angulate extract onquantitative and qualitative traits of milk and colostrum production,antioxidant status of pregnant goats and also antioxidant status of goat milkin dairy goats. In this experiment, 21 dairy goats were used in the form of 3experimental treatments and 7 replications in a period of 7 months. Goats werefed in 3 groups (control, feeding with 20 mg of Ferolago angulate extractper kg of live weight and feeding with 40 mg of Ferolago angulate extractper kg of live weight). Estrus synchronization was performed in goats. In twostages of pregnancy (beginning and end), blood samples were taken and someblood parameters were examined. Immediately after the birth of the goats, basedon the birth weight and quantitative and qualitative measurement of thecolostrum, during the lactation period, the quantitative and qualitativeevaluation of the milk produced by the mothers was performed. The resultsshowed that the addition of 40 mg of Ferolago angulate extractto the basic diet of goats significantly increased milk production compared tothe control treatment (P <0.05). Also, adding 20 mg of Ferolago angulate extract to goats' diet significantly reduced milksomatic cells (P <0.05). Other milk components measured in this experimentwere not affected by the experimental diet (P <0.05). Mean weight gain,blood parameters and measured serum antioxidant levels includingmalondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and totalantioxidant were not affected by any of the experimental diets (P>0.05). In general, the results of the data showed that the use of Ferolago angulate extract as an additive at the level of 20 and 40 mg hasa positive effect on milk production performance of dairy goats, but in termsof weight gain, blood parameters and the level of antioxidants used Up to 20and 40 mg did not improve these parameters.Keywords: Ferolago angulata, milk, goat, antioxidants, milkcompounds

  Research Aim: The main purposes of this study include; Focus on metal-based nanoparticles as a potential treatment for bacterial infectious diseases, analyze the causes of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, evaluate the effectiveness of these nanoparticles in environmental and laboratory conditions, evaluate the effect of various parameters such as shape, size, concentration and Etc. In the activity of metal-based nanoparticles and determining their most effective state against different microorganisms, trying to understand the mechanism of action of different nanoparticles, investigating the effect of bimetallic nanoparticles and the combination of nanoparticles and antibiotics against infectious bacteria, possible negative effects of nanoparticles and predicting resistance Bacteria are against these nanoparticles.Research method: This study is a review. In this study, the shape and type of nanoparticles are examined to combat infection caused by microorganisms and also lack of sensitivity in the immune system. Also, issues such as the appropriate concentration of nanoparticles (which do not cause toxicity in the body and do not cause side effects) and the feasibility of developing resistance to nanoparticles are examined.Findings: Metal nanoparticles have good physical, chemical and surface charges. These unique properties make metal nanoparticles a potential therapeutic for infectious diseases. The general mechanisms of action of nanoparticles include cell wall degradation, production of reactive oxygen species, and production of metal ions, all of which cause damage to macromolecules and bacterial DNA, and ultimately lead to bacterial cell death.Conclusion: From all the research presented in this study, it can be concluded that metal nanoparticles and metal oxide can be a good alternative for infectious diseases caused by bacteria that have been difficult to treat due to drug resistance. The applications of metal nanoparticles can be summarized as follows: replacing nanoparticles with common antibiotics that bacteria have become resistant to, combining nanoparticles with antibiotics or with each other, and producing bipolar nanoparticles to increase their effectiveness and use Nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Overall, metal-based nanoparticles promise a promising future in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum, family Solanaceae) is an annual crop with great economic importance. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV, genus Polerovirus) is one of the most important viral pathogens that cause great losses on the yield and quality of this plant around the world. The first step in managingviral diseases is to identify them. With the right diagnosis, proper planning can be done to control the pathogen and prevent its spread. Considering the importance of Potato leafroll virus and the damages it can cause, the present study was conducted to investigate the status of Potato leafroll virus infection in potato fields in some parts of Kermanshah province (Iran). In the growing seasons of 2019-2021, potato fields (varieties Sante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly) located in some areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran (regions Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi) were sampled. Samples were collected from the aerial parts of potato plants that had suspected symptoms of this virus (yellowing, dwarfism, leafroll). Virus detection n the collected samples was performed by TAS-ELISA using a kit from DSMZ, that included IgG antibody (AS-0741), specific monoclonal antibody MAb-IgG (AS0060/11), RAM-AP and a positive control (PV-0842). According to TAS-ELISAresults, infection with Potato leafroll virus was detected in Kermanshah, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi and inSante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly cultivars. Keywords: Viral diseases, Polerovirus, Serology    

(P?0.05).   

Abstract: The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is one of the most important polyphagous stored product pests, which causes quantitative, qualitative, and hygienic damages to strategically stored cereals, including wheat. This study’s goal was the investigation of three harmless control agents’ efficiency against this pest, including the local isolate entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth (DE), respectively named Sayan and Celite 610, alone and combined application. For this purpose, first, the bioassay test was conducted to determine the insecticidal activity of the fungus and DEs against adult pests by impregnation of wheat seeds for 14 days. Next, the LD25 dose of DEs was combined with different doses of fungus in a ratio of 1:1, and the interaction type against the pest was determined. Then, a two-sex life table studied the sublethal effects of mixtures that had a synergistic interaction, the highest lethal activity toward the Khapra beetle, and the individual components of these mixtures.   ased on the results, LD50 values for B. bassiana, Sayan, and Celite were obtained 295.32, 4439.49, and 992.25 ppm, respectively, indicating that Celite was more toxic than Sayan. The type of fungus interaction with each of the DEs was synergistic in most combinations and additive in some cases. As a result, two combinations of LD50 of fungus+ LD25 Sayan and LD75 of fungus+ LD25 of Celite were selected for the life table study. According to results, total pre-adult period was increased in all treatments and most of all in fungus+celite due to prolongation of the growth period of some stages and the production of additional larval instars compared to the control. Accordingly, mean generation time (T) was increased in all treatments, but the adult longevity of females and males was decreased in all treatments. However, the survival rate reduced in all stages of all treatments which females of Celite+fungus treatment by a 61.81% reduction compared to the control group showed the most diminution. The mean oviposition in offspring showed a sharp decrease in all treatments and reached 28.15 ± 2.46 eggs/female in control to 2.39 ± 0.89 eggs/female in Celite+fungus treatment. The most important parameter determining population growth, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), was severely reduced by all lethal agents studied. The most decrease of r was related to mixture treatments (Sayan+fungus: 0.0096 ± 0.0048, and Celite+fungus: -0.0004 ± 0.059 day-1) compared to the control population (0.0474 ± 0.0022 day-1), which indicates that the population is declining. The other life table parameters, including net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproduction rate (GRR), and finite rate of increase (?), also decreased in all treatments compared to control. Finally, it was concluded that the local isolate of B. bassiana DE and both formulations of diatomaceous earth, Sayan and Celite, especially Celite, have a high insecticidal potential against T. granarium. Synergistic interactions between them can also be used to reduce consumption rate and at the same time increase their efficiency in pest control, which is both economically valuable and overcomes the limitation of using large amounts of diatomaceous earth. The present study can help production and commercialization of powder formulations consisting of B. bassiana and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth. Keywords: The Khapra beetle, Entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana

identification of amylase producing   thermophilic fungi from soil and composting inKermanshah province (West of Iran) AbstractAn investigation was carried out on the occurrence ofthermotolerantand thermophilic fungi soil samples collected from cultivated andnatural regions in Kermanshah province, municipal waste compost and mushroomcompost, 2017–19. Fungal isolates were recovered using the soil dilution platemethod on potato dextrose agar at 45 and 50 °C. Totally, 24 fungal isolateswere obtained from soil and compost. DNA extraction was carried out using aGenomic DNA Purification kit. The ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 (ITS) Regions wereamplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Fragments about 500–700 bp wereamplified and after sequencing deposited in GenBank. Based on morphologicalcharacters and sequence data of the the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA,these fungi were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusnidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusterrus, Melanocarpus albomyces*, Malbrancheacinnamomea*, Thermomyces dupontii*, Thermomyceslanuginosus*, and Thielavia arenaria*. Asterisksindicate species that are the new records for the mycobiota of Iran. Thefrequency of thermophilic and thermotolarant fungi in municipal waste compost was higher than soil(agricultural and virgin) and Aspergillus species were the most abundantfungi identified in this study. In the present study, Aspergillus fumigatuswas the most abundant among Aspergillus species isolated from soil andtwo types of compost including mushroom and municipal waste compost.This species had a favorable growth at atemperature of 45 degrees Celsius and due to its better growth in thetemperature range of 25-45 degrees, it is considered thermotolerant. In thisstudy, 24 isolates were isolated from soil (cultivated and uncultivated) andtwo types of compost (municipal waste compost and mushroom compost).   Eleven isolates belonged to soil samples andnine isolates belonged to compost samples of municipal waste and four isolatesbelonged to compost samples of fungi, respectively. In order to identifyamylase-producing isolates, the obtained isolates were cultured on agar starchmedium and placed in three replications at different temperatures of 40, 45 and50 °C. After 48 to 72 hours of growth of isolates, the colony was flooded with Logolsolution. In this study, a clear halo was observed around the colony of allisolates except for two species of Thialavia arenaria and Melanocarpusalbomyces, which indicates the consume of starch by the fungus and theability to produce amylase enzyme. The maximum halo belonged to the species, Thermomycessp., Malbranchea cinnamome, Thermomyces lanuginosus andThermomyces dupontii, respectively  

  Fusarium wilt of chickpea is the most common disease of this plant in Iran and around the world. Kermanshah province has the first rank in areaunder cultivation and yield of this crop in Iran. The main cause of Fusarium stem rot andleaf yellowing of chickpeas in Kermanshah province is Fusarium. redolens. This soil- borne fungus has widehost range and it control is difficult by chemical methods. The use of plant probiotics is also a promising way to control disease and increase plant growth. In this study, 13 plant probiotics isolates were studied to control Fusarium wilt disease andits effect on chickpea plant growth in soil and Peat mosses beds undergreenhouse condition. The effect of isolates were investigated on freshand dry weight of roots and aerial parts and suppression of disease severity. GBO3 had the highest effect onroot weight (32.27g) and FOL with a weight of (24.23g) had the highest effectin Peat mosses bed and INR7 isolate (29.36 g) had the highest aerial partson aerial parts weight in the soil substrate. Isolate 19 (44.41 g) had the highest root weightmost effective isolates. Also in soil bed 21 with 41 g root dry weight andweight. In Peat mosses bed and the presence of pathogen, isolate 29 with 1.29 groot dry weight and isolate 19 with 1.29 g aerial parts dry weight were the GBO3 with 68.75% in Peat mosses bed and isolate 19 with 50%, P2 with 37.5% andisolate 19 with 1.15 g aerial parts dry weight were the most effectiveisolates. In biocontrol, isolates 19, 13, 29, B124, VELZ, P2 with 75% and isolates 21 andthe highest effect on Biocontrol.isolates GBO3, INR7 and B124 with 31.35% in the soil substrate inhibited thedisease, significantly. Indigenous isolates 21 and 19 in both substrates had    Keywords: Fusarium wilt of chickpea, plant probiotics, Biocontrol

   Abstract Pomegranate, known as Punica granatum L., belongs to the Punicaseae family. Iran holds the 60,000 hectares of land under cultivation and production of 800,000 tonnes, Iran is the world's first pomegranate producer. Pomegranate seeds can be made from water, grenadine, potion, syrup, jam, jelly and so on. Healthy and desirable food quality is currently playing an important role in the food industry.   Adulteration of fraud in the food industry has always challenged the scientific community. Hence, attention has been method on the use, smell, and taste and computer technology in the food industry over the last few decades. Electronic Nose is a new method that has recently been considered by researchers adulterated in pure grenadine. he response characteristics of the sensors to the volatile compounds of the samples were extracted and used as inputs to the pattern recognition model. 30 grams were tested for each sample. According to the results obtained for the mixture of pure grenadine with grape syrup, Palm sap 92 and 94% of variance by PCA method, in order to >      Key Words: Adulterant, Electronic Nose, Foodstuffs, grenadine, sensors.

اعضاي جنس Polerovirus (خانواده Luteoviridae) و از جمله ويروس زردي غربي چغندر (Beet western yellows virus, BWYV) از عوامل مهم خسارت در گياهان زراعي هستند. طي سال‌هاي ???? و ???? تعداد ??? نمونه گياهي از استان كرمانشاه جمع آوري شد. اين نمونه‌ها توسط كيت تاس- الايزا دريافت شده از DSMZ مورد آزمايش قرار گرفتند. اين كيت براي رديابي چهار گون? پولروويروس شامل   WYV، ويروس زردي شلغم (TuYV)، ويروس زردي خفيف چغندر (BMYV) و ويروس سبزردي چغندر (BChV) توسعه داده شده است. از بين نمونه‌هاي آزمايش شده، ?? نمونه از گياهان مختلف پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. براي انتقال ويروس به گياهان سالم از دو گونه شته استفاده شد. در گياهان كلزا و تربچه آزمون انتقال موفقيت آميز بود و اين گياهان در آزمون تاس- الايزا پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. در آزمون IC-RT-PCR با پرايمر اختصاصي TuYV يك قطعه با اندازه تقريبي ??? جفت‌باز از نمونه‌هاي كلزا و خردل وحشي تكثير گرديد. بررسي‌هاي تكميلي به منظور توالي يابي و تعيين نوع ويروس در ديگر نمونه‌ها در حال انجام است.

  Abstract  Due to the importance of Zagros forests in Iran, especially in terms of water conservation, soil and biodiversity, optimal management is needed. Zagros forests have been susceptible and fragile due to irregular exploitation in recent years and are not in desirable condition in terms of density and canopy cover. Therefore,   awareness of the density and canopy status of Zagros forests is important for their preservation, restoration and expansion. Therefore, timely access to statistics and information in these forests seems necessary in order to manage and plan them. This study aimed to investigate changes in some quantitative characteristics of a natural Quercus brantii stand in a statistical period of 13 years in Sorkhe Dize forest of Kermanshah. For this purpose, 50 sampling points were considered as sampling centers in the study area and using geoplanner software, a grid of 100 meters by 100 meters was designed within the area and then the coordinates of these points were entered into GPS and stored. Then in the forest area ,after finding points within the target stand on the ground by applying distance sampling point center quarter method(PCQM)   and T square method at each specified point, target characteristics (species, two diameter of the canopy   and …) of the trees were measured and recorded in the sampling forms. The results of data analysis over the 13-year period showed that in the T square sampling method the density and canopy cover decreased from 111.4 nha-1 and 2374 ha-1 in 2005 to 109.59 nha-1 and 1983.86 ha-1 in 2018. The results also showed that in the point center quarter method (PCQM) the density and canopy cover decreased from 76.62 nha-1 and 2171 ha-1 in 2005 to 42.47 nha-1 and 933.99 ha-1 in 2018. In both sampling methods, the distribution of the number of canopy level >  Keyword: forest – canopy cover – density- distance- sampling

   Abstract Insect pest always had a negative on the lives and human societies at different levels, including agriculture and health, and imposing economic and even social losses. In the agicultural domin in average insect pest damage to agicultural products in developed countries is estimated 18% per year. These number, of course, are much higher in less developed countries. In most part of the world for many years, the reduction of damage caused by the pest was largely basedon the use of chemical insecticides. The use of chemical pesticides has severe negative effects on the environment, non- target creatures and beneficial insects. In this regard, researchers have used safe and eco- friendly methods such as the application of various biological agents. One of these methods is the use of microbal factors, such entomopathogenic fungi. The benefit of the entomopathogenic fungi is that they have hight host expertise as well as a wide host insects vegetarian, on the other hand, for houman, the environment, non-target creatures and beneficial insects are almost safe. The purpose of this study   was to identify and isolate   the entomopathogenic fungi in Kermanshah province. Sampling from early july 2017 to late april 2018 were determined from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated in Kermanshah province. 43 samples of soil were collected from the provinces to isolate to isolate entomopathogenic fungy from the soil. For isolate entomopathogenic fungi of bait insect Ephestia kuehniella was used. The method included two kilograms of soil into glass of 200 gram, and 10 larvae were added to the glass, for a week the soil glass underway and is dead larvae were cultivated after disinfection on the potato dextrose agar(PDA). After the end of the isolation phase, 144 fungi isolate were collected from the county provinces. In which the most isolated fungi were extracted from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated soil, respectively.   In order ti ensure patogenseity isolate fungus to be test host pasage. This test was three times to ensure that insects larvae were destroyed by pathogenicity fungi. Also, in order investigate the relation between the isolate fungus and physicochemical parameters, some of these parameters such as soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity of soil (EC), lime amount (caco3), soil texture and organic carbon (OC) was studied. For morphological identification was used of the medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), sabro dextrose agar (SDA) and clove leaf extract agar (CLA). The isolates were more abundant and isolates which differed from other isolate were 20 isolate were selected for molecular identification. It was for molecular recognition of the extraction kit (zagros biodiversity ideas company) and CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). The its1-5.8s-its2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal subunit have been amplified by forward and backward primers. Result of polymerase chian reaction were confirmed by gel electrophoresis, sequencing amplified gens was done after sending them to Malaysia apical company. Obtained sequences were manually edited using bioedit software was and submitted to the gen bank and the access number was obtained for subsequent studies. After molecular identification and observation of the morphological properties, it was found that the identified fungi belonging to genus Fusarim, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Meyerozyma, Paramyrothecium, Chaetomium and Beauveria that including Aspergillius nomius*, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium sp, Penicillium solitum, Penicillium sizovae*, Penicillium sp, Alternaria chlamydosporigena, Meyerozyma guilliermondy, Paramyrothecium

Lettuce is considered as a model plant for biotechnology because of its compatibility with stable genetic transformation and tissue culture. In gene transformation, optimization of tissue culture is the first step to achieve a transgenic plant in order to reproduce the plant as soon as possible. GDP-mannose-3’,5’-epimerase (GME) is one of the key genes in ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathway in plants. The present study aims to transfer GDP-mannose-3´,5´-epimerase (GME) gene from Actinidia deliciosa L. into Lactuca sativa L. First, in order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L., its tissue culture was optimized and then gene transformation was done. Moreover, to investigate callus induction rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 16 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, and also direct regeneration rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 6 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02 and 0.05 mg/l NAA and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, a factorial replacement series experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. No analysis was performed since no result was obtained for direct regeneration experiment with the listed treatments. The results from ANOVA indicated that interaction effects of explant type and plant growth regulators (BAP and NAA) were significant at 1% probability level in callus induction, relative water content, weight growth, and indirect regeneration. Furthermore, the results of means comparison revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction and indirect regeneration (100%) were observed on leaf and cotyledon explants and MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l BAP and 0.04 mg/l NAA. In order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L. using L. sativa L. cv. Setareh and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (C58) on two types of explants (cotyledon and true leaves), a factorial replacement series experiment with three replications and 2 min and 8 min inoculation was done. The results also confirmed the presence of pBI121+GME in transgenic plants. In addition, the explant true leaves and 2 min inoculation (with 18 percent transformation ratio) were more suitable for transformation. Keywords: Transformation, tissue culture, vitamin C, lettuce, GME   

Fungiare significant microorganisms influencing living organismsmulti-directionally. Fungal species can act as pathogenic agents of human,animal and plant and undergo their mortality and inexistency. Thesemicroorganisms have diverse types and are >     

  Due to the severe limitations of available water resources, the cost of construction and operation of water supply systems and the rapid population growth and the growing demand for drinking water for this population, the optimal design of these networks, so that the best performance in The length of the operating period is of necessity. One of the most important network design factors is the choice of appropriate diameters based on the cost and lack of pressure and flow rates in the network. The issue of minimizing the cost is done by minimizing the diameter of the pipework, which reduces the pressure on the grid. Since the supply of proper pressure in the nodes is one of the important principles of design and low pressure will result in the lack of full water supply to the site, so in this research the problem of optimization in several sample networks with the objectives of minimizing cost and minimum Deficiency of pressure is defined throughout the network. EPANET software was used for hydraulic analysis of sample networks and the multi-objective optimization process was coded using PESA-II, NSGA-II, MOPSO, SPEA-II transcoding algorithms in MATLAB software environment and Connecting them to the EPANET body. cost dependant First, only by considering the relationship between cost and diameter and pipe lengths, the program was executed with 10,000 and 20,000 replications. Then, in the next definition, the cost of the violation of the permissible pressure range (minimum and maximum allowable pressure of 30 and 70 meters respectively) was added to this function and the program was repeated with 200 repetitions. The results showed that these algorithms have high ability to find optimal solutions and were able to optimize the network in terms of cost and pressure by finding the diameter of the pipes. In all of these algorithms, taking into account the cost of an exceedance of the permissible pressure limits leads to a reduction in the number of replicates with the number of optimal answers and the time to achieve convergence will be significantly reduced. But in general, in the latter case, the two algorithms PESA-II and SPEA-II had a better relative performance than the other algorithms, and the MOPSO algorithm was the last.

  Carotenoid pigments have a widespread application in food and drug industries as color and antioxidant agents. Thus, world demand is increasing for these pigments. According to literature review, the interest to natural pigments is increasing as synthetic pigments shown adverse impact on human health. Pigment extraction from plant tissues is a time consuming and none economic procedure. So, microbial biotechnology considering as alternative approach. After microbial cell growth, pigment could be extracted by cell disruption. Application of chemical organic solvents is common procedure for pigment extraction. However, these methods are restricting because of adverse effect on consumers health. Despite, mechanical-abrasion extraction receive more attention as this method is cost effective and do not need toxic solvent. In this study, glass beads, 0.45-0.5 mm diameter, were used for carotenoid pigment extraction from the yeast Rhodotorula toruloides by means of aceton solvent in an agitating container (3000 rpm). The process was optimized by response surface procedure in Design expert software. There were three factors, glass beads (5-25 g), solvent concentration (9-21 ml), extraction time (4-8 min), and extraction temperature (10-30 °C). The parameters effect interpretation showed that solvent concentration parameter (41.6 %) and extraction time (31.6 %) had the highest impact on pigment extraction from yeast cells. 75.64 g carotenoid pigment were obtained from yeast cells in optimal condition, 10 g glass beads, 18 ml solvent, 8 min extraction time and temperature at 15 °C. As irradiation has impact on enzymes on carotenoid synthesis, the effect of irradiation in 365, 400, 400-800 and 660 nm were investigated on pigment production in yeast cells in a non continuous airlift fermenter at 30 °C. The highest effect on carotenoid production were recorded at 365 nm which increase the yield by 5.5 fold in compare to control.

  Pigments are important components in attracting customers in food products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and therefore the global demand for their production is increasing. Qualitative studies on chemical pigments show the harmful effects of these colored compounds on their consumers. Caratonoids are among the most important categories of natural pigments that are produced in plants and microorganisms. Since extraction of carotenoid pigments from plant sources is associated with long time, low yields and high production costs, using the microbiological approach while addressing these problems allows the use of industrial waste as a microorganism substrate in production. In this research, corn steep liquer extract as the only source of carbon was used for the cultiration of Rhodotorula toruloides cell. Early culture results in erlmann showed that yeast cells have the ability to grow on corn steep liquer. So kinetic modeling of growth using haldin`s equation shows the maximum growth rate (?max) , 0.056h-1 , the substrate half saturation contant (KS) ,1.54% and the (KI) contant 58.58% for this substrate was. The extraction of pigment produced in cells showed that although yeast cells have the ability to grow in a large concentration of corn extract, but when the initial concentration of corn extract was only 5%, the highest yield of color produced by 160.8 mggcell-1 after 72 h. the study of pigment production was continued in a bubble column bioreactor. Initially, discriminant culture experiments were used to determine the effect of primary population in amounts of 71.7, 232.2, 388.3 and 451.0 mgL-1 and the results showed that after 12 houres of batch operation with an initial mass loss of 451.0 mgL-1, 89% of the substrate will be consumed and the cells will enter into a phase of stationary. Due to fact that carotenoid pigments are produced as a secondary product, the effect of operating parameters was studied by considering the three parameters of fed-batch, temperature and initial pH using the design of experiments by a central compound in the bubble column bioreactor. The results showed that the specific rate of pigment production in the cell was 65.3% under the influence of fed- batch, 20.8% under the influence of temperature and 13.9% under the influence of the initial pH of the medium. By optimizing the statistical conditions of the operating conditions of the bubble column the highest rate of production of carotenoid pigmentation was obtained in 8.475 mgg-1h-1 under the following conditions, fed- batch 30 h, temperature 14?C and initial pH equal to 6.Key words: carotenoids pigmentation, Rhodotorula toruloides, corn steep liquer, bubble column bioreactors, Response surface method, optimization of operating conditions.  

  با افزايش جمعيت كره زمين و اثر مخرب انسان بر طبيعت، سيماي كره زمين حالت طبيعي خود را از دست داده است و در اين ميان اكوسيستم هاي جنگلي بر اثر عامل هاي مخرب در حال تغيير هستند. اهميت جنگل هاي زاگرس چه از نظر حفاظت خاك و توليد آب و چه از نظر نقشي كه در تامين معاش مردم ساكن در اين ناحيه رويشي دارند، بر هيچ كس پوشيده نيست. براساس آخرين برآوردها با يش از يك ميليون هكتار از اكوسيستم هاي جنگلي بلوط ناحي? زاگرس از كل مساحت 7 ميليون هكتاري جنگل هاي اين ناحيه دچار پديد? خشكيدگي و زوال شده اند.كانون   اين پديده به ترتيب رويشگاه هاي جنگلي استان هاي ايلام و فارس و پس از آن، استان هاي لرستان، چهارمحال و بختياري، كهگيلويه و بويراحمد، و كرمانشاه است. خشكيدگي درختي پديده مهم و   پيچيده اي است كه از حدود يك قرن پيش در بيشتر جنگل هاي بلوط دنيا اتفاق افتاده است و در سال هاي اخير نيز در جنگل هاي بلوط زاگرس به دنبال خشكسالي هاي متوالي به وقوع پيوسته است. هرچند عامل هاي متعددي در وقوع خشكيدگي هاي درختي دخيل هستند، اما منشأ اصلي آن خشكسالي ها و بروز تنش هاي خشكي شديد است كه باعث مي شود درختان نتوانند آب مورد نياز خود را به اندازه كافي به دست آورده و دچار ضعف فيزيولوژيك شوند. عوامل مختلفي در بروز اين خشكيدگي تاثير داشته اند، اما به نظر مي رسد عامل اصلي و اوليه، خشكسالي هاي اخير و سپس حمل? آفات و امراض به درختان ضعيف شده باشد. آگاهي از الگوي مكاني پراكنش درختان خشكيده بلوط ايراني (Quercus brantii Lindl) به عنوان گونه غالب چوبي در منطقه مورد مطالعه، مي تواند در ارايه راهكارهاي احتمالي براي پيشگيري و مبارزه با عامل هاي ايجاد خشكيدگي اين گونه مثمرثمر واقع شود و اطلاعاتي را در زمينه چگونگي ساختار افقي توده هاي جنگلي آلوده شده و نحوه پراكنش درختان آلوده در اختيار مديران اجرايي قرار دهد. به منظور بررسي توزيع مكاني خشكيدگي درختان بلوط يك منطقه با مساحت 32 هكتار در جنگل­هاي دهستان چله از توابع گيلانغرب انتخاب و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. تعداد 115 قطعه نمونه(60 قطعه نمونه 250 * 25 متر، 60 قطعه نمونه 500 * 500 متر و 16 قطعه نمونه 1000 * 1000 متر) 25 * 25 متر با ابعاد شبكه 250 * 250، 500 * 500 و 1000 * 1000 متر به صورت منظم تصادفي برداشت شد و مشخصه هاي كمي تمام درختان (تعداد جست، قطر برابر سينه، ارتفاع تاج، ارتفاع درخت، قطر متوسط تاج و سطح تاج) اندازه گيري شد و در درختان داراي خشكيدگي ميزان خشكيدگي و محل خشكيدگي در تاج(طبقات عمودي: خشكيدگي پايين تاج، ميان تاج و بالاي تاج، طبقات افقي: خشكيدگي داخل و خارج تاج) ثبت و همچنين موقعيت درختان خشكيده به وسيله Gps مشخص گرديد. بررسي نتايج خلاصه آماري نشان داد كه قطر برابر سينه و سطح تاج در درختان داري خشكيدگي بيشتر از درختان سالم است به طوريكه ميزان قطر برابر سينه وسطح تاج در درختان داراي خشكيدگي برابر با   42/22 و 24/17 و مقدار آنها در درختان سالم برابر با 05/18 و 02/13 مي باشد كه مي توان گفت خشكيدگي، درختاني كه داراي وضعيت مناسبي هستند را تحت تاثير قرار داده است.

  Pinus trees die-back is one of the most serious problems that presently affects the Kermanshah pinus trees. To study the cause of die-back pinus trees, infected branches were collected during growing seasons, transferred to the laboratory and processed within 24 hours. Small pieces, approximately 4 mm in size, of discolored tissues were surface disinfected by immersing in 1.5 % solution on NaOCl for 30 sec, rinsed in sterile distilled water and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar (MEA) amended with chloramphenicole (25 ?g/ml). Two hundred eighteen fungal isolates were recovered from pinus trees showing dieback symptoms. The most common fungi isolated from most diseased pinus were include Microsphaeropsi  olivacea (16 isolates), Microsphaeropsi  rotea (eight isolates) and Microdiplodia sp. (seven isolates). Numerous isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus,.Alternaria, Rhizopus Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Trichoderma were always associated with diseased pinus in Kermanshah province. The fungi were inoculated to detached stem of pinus tree. Pathogenicity of all isolates of M.  olivacea, M.  rotea and Microdiplodia  sp. were confirmed on pinus trees by artificial inoculation on detached stems in the laboratory. Disease symptoms on the detached stems in the laboratory appeared as canker. To confirm of   morphological identification, genomic DNA was extracted and a nuclear rDNA region, containing the internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S gene of rDNA (ITS) were amplified and PCR products were sequenced. Amplicon was purified, sequenced and submitted to the GenBank. The resulting sequence was submitted to a BLAST search to find most similar sequences in GenBank. The search results showed highest similarity of Iranian isolates to other isolates from GenBank.. Voucher specimens deposited in fungal collection of the Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

   In the present study Investigating   measure the rural social welfare Mansour aghaei District of   Ravansar Township was Shahu section. the general approach of present study mixed (qualitative-Quantitative). The   statistic society of the study acolyte and management expert organizations in the field of social welfare and the District rurals formed Mansour aghaei. The qualitative, the purposive sampling method, 10 samples, and the Quantitative, simple random sampling, 189 rurals were selected as sample. In the qualitative information collected through Delphi technique and Quantitative was done through a questionnaire. In the qualitative method to evaluate the reliability and validity of the "triangle of Research Team" and "review experts" were used. Validity of the Quantitative by the faculty members promoting the education of Agriculture Razi University accredited and its reliability using Cronbachs alpha coefficient was confirmed. In the qualitative content analysis and quantitative analysis tools software was   16. The results showed that job satisfaction indices, cohesion and social participation and life satisfaction in first ranks set rural social welfare indices and indices of income and job security were the last ranks. The results of correlation analysis showed a significant positive relation between age, education and income with social welfare, which distributes each of these variables by increasing the amount of rural social welfare increases.  

    AbstractDifferent species of Pythium and Phytophthora are the main causal agents of seed rots, damping-off of seedlings, root and crown rot and sudden death of cucurbits. The pathogens inflict major yield losses in cucurbits. Regarding to significant acreage of cucurbits cultivation in Kermanshah province, this study was conducted to identify the dominant Oomycetes species in cucurbits fields of the region and to investigate their phylogenetic relationships specially those isolates that have intermediate morphological states.During field visits, from May to September 2014, More than three hundreddiseased samples were collected from 86 cucurbits (cucumber, watermelon, melon and squash) fields in various parts of Kermanshah province and 347 oomyceteisolates were recovered.Species were identified based on morphological characteristics of sexual and asexual organs and colony morphology on various media. Partial cytochrome oxidase II (COX II) DNA coding sequences and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of selected isolates were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis using genetic distance method with Neighbor Joining (NJ) approach was performed using the MEGA5 software.Based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic studies, Nine Pythiumspecies (including: P. aphanidermatum,P. dissotocum,P. catenulatum, P. kashmirense,P. middletonii, P. nodosum, P. oligandrum, P. torulosum and P. ultimum), two phytopythiumspecies (Pp. mercurial and Pp. Litorale)andthree Phytophthora species (Ph. melonis, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica)were identified. P. aphanidermatum was the dominant species in cucurbit field of Kermanshah province and nearly 48 percent of oomycetes isolates were belonged to the species.This is the first report of Pp. mercurial from Iran. The association of Pp. mercurial, P. kashmirense and P. torulosum with disease symptoms in cucurbits is also reported for the first time in the world.Pathogenicity tests showed that all oomycetes species identified in this study werepathogenicat leaston some tested cucurbit plants including cucumber, watermelon, melon, cantaloupe and squash. P. aphanidermatum,P. ultimum, Pp. Litorale, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica were pathogenicon all

  AbstractMoth cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the key pests of agricultural products in Iran and other countries of the world. The cotton bollworm resistance to the most common insecticide groups (Pyrethroids and organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates) to reduce the effect of insecticides in many countries.To solve this problem, new solutions such as the use of biological control methodsespecially the use of antimicrobial compounds may lead to loss of proper control and to delay the development of resistance.Among these entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in integrated pest management is very important, because this fungus has a global distribution and having more than 700 host species, has a wide host range is.Also one of the most important fungal pathogenicity strength and quality assessment methods, the use of biological control and infected table data which in this area are limited.In this study, the effect of fungi B. bassiana, the life table parameters of cotton bollworm, H. armigera (Lep; Noctuidae) were investigated.All experiments, Was performedwithImmersion method, in temperature 25±1C°, relative humidity 65±5and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hour.After primary test, effective concentrations were determined to isolate DC7 102,103,105,106,108 and to isolate DE 101,102,104,106,108were determined, and to investigate the virulence of two strains of fungi DC7 and DE B. bassiana, bioassay second instar larvae of the cotton bollworm in four replications.Results of this study showed that compared to other isolates have created more toxic strain DC7,also LC25 and LC50 for these isolates respectivelywere 2/44 ×102   and 1/5 ×104 ml spore was calculated.The results of life table parameters indicated that this fungus had a significant impact on Mortality.In addition to increased mortality, fertility rates for the insects that alivehave also reduced.Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) to control Sublethal and lethal concentrations, respectively, 0/198, 0/121 and 0/111 on day were calculated.This fungus create mortality, cause deformities in pre-pupa, pupae and adults.Thusit can be said that the fungi in the pathogenesis of the cotton bollworm has great potential. Hence can be used as a biological control agent effective against the pest to be used.

  سن گندم(Eurigaster intergericeps ( Hem, Scutelleridae مهم­ترين آفت مزارع گندم وجو در خاورميانه است.اين حشره در ايران نيز به عنوان يك آفت كليدي، خسارت قابل ملاحظه­اي به محصولات گندم وجو وارد مي­كند. سم­پاشي­هايي كه عليه اين آفت صورت مي­گيرد نه تنها باعث آلودگي محيط زيست شده بلكه موجب آلودگي مواد غذايي نيز مي­شود. بنابراين با استفاده از قارچ­هاي بيمارگر حشرات در مديريت آفت مي­توان موجب كاهش استفاده از آفت­كش­هاي شيميايي شد. در اين بررسي بيماريزايي سه قارچ Paecillomyces lillacinus، Beuveria bassiana و Fusarium prolifreatumروي پوره سن سوم سن گندمEurigaster intergericepsدر شرايط آزمايشگاهي به مدت شش روز مورد آزمايش قرار گرفت. آزمون بيماري­زايي اثبات كرد كه هر سه قارچ بيماري­زا هستند ودر همه جدايه­ها با افزايش غلظت سوسپانسيون اسپور قارچ­ها درصد مرگ­ و مير لاروها افزايش پيدا كرده­است. غلظت   108   قارچ   euveria bassiana بعد از شش روز باعث 78% درصد تلفات در جمعييت پوره سن دوم   intergericeps. E و قارچFusarium prolifreatumدر غلظت 109   باعث68%مرگ ومير و قارچ Paecillomyces lillacinus با غلظت 1010 باعث 76% مرگ ومير جمعييت تيمارشد كه هر سه قارچ با تفاوت معني­داري نسبت به جمعييت شاهد توانايي بالايي براي كاهش جمعييت پوره­هاي سن دوم را دارد.آزمون موازي بودن توان نسبي نشان داد كه قارچ Beuveria bassianaبا تفاوت معني­داري از دو قارچ ديگر توانايي بالاتري براي بيماري­زايي دارد

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plants growing in farms contaminated with heavy metals may harbor endophytes that enable them to survive and grow under these conditions. The healthy roots’ samples were collected during the autumn, winter and spring seasons. The samples were transferred to the laboratory. Samples were first washed in running tap water for remove soil and debris. Pieces were surface sterilized by the immersion sequence 96% ethanol for 1 min, sodium hypochlorite (2% available chlorine v/v) for 3 min, 96% ethanol for 30 s and finally rinsed three times in sterile distilled water. culture and isolation of endophytic fungi on PDA medium supplemented with antibiotics was conducted. For molecular characterization of the fungal isolate, genomic DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification with ITS1 and ITS4 primers was performed. fungal isolate included Alternaria sp., Embellisia sp., Microdochium sp., Fusarium redolens, Fusarium tricinctum, Gibberella fujikuroi, Fusarium sp. PDA Supplemented with 0,100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 ppm concentrations of cadmium prepared for measure minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Fungus disk was placed on the center of 9 cm petri dishes and mycelium elongation was measured after 10 days. dark septate endophytes compared to other fungi were more tolerant to cadmium. Most MIC values Was related to Microdochium sp. (1000 ppm) and Lowest Was related to Fusarium sp.(200 ppm).

قارچ­هاي آگاريك، گروه بزرگي از قارچ­هاي بازيديوميست هستند كه در طبيعت با مفهوم وسيعي تحت عنوان قارچ­هاي كلاهك دارشناخته مي­شوند.   شناسايي و طبقه‌بندي اين گونه‌ها از مهمترين بخش‌هاي آرايه‌بندي و مطالعات زيستي است و دريچه‌هاي اطلاعاتي مفيدي را پيرامون موجودات زنده از قبيل نقشه اكولوژيكي، فيزيولوژيكي، بيوشيميايي و سود و زيان اجتماعي آن مي‌گشايد. دانش ما از فيلوژني قارچ‌ها به واسطه واكنش زنجيره‌اي پليمراز به سرعت در حال افزايش است بطوريكه پيشرفت‌هاي اخير در زيست‌شناسي مولكولي و توسعه فناوري‌هايي مثل توالي يابي ژني و ژنومي، كشف و شناسايي گونه‌هاي جديد در گروه‌هاي مختلف موجودات زنده به ويژه قارچ‌ها روند افزايشي به خود گرفته است. با توجه به ناكارآمدي روش مبتني برريخت‌شناسي براي شناسايي گونه‌هاي قارچي، استفاده از تكنيك‌هاي جديد مبتني بر داده‌هاي دي. ان. اي. جايگاه خاصي را در شناسايي سريع و دقيق گونه‌هاي قارچي پيدا كرده است. بنابراين در راستاي مطالعه قارچ­هاي ماكروسكوپي استان كرمانشاه، نمونه­هاي ماكروسكوپي از مناطق مختلف جمع آوري شد. پس از بررسي هاي ريخت شناختي، دي.­ان­.اي. نمونه­ها با استفاده از كيت خالص سازي دي.­ان.­اي. ژنومي استخراج شده، نواحي توالي­هاي جدا كننده­ي نسخه برداري شده داخلي 1 و 2 و ژن 8/5 اس دي.­ان.­اي. ريبوزومي با استفاده از آغازگرهاي عمومي ITS1 و ITS4 فزون سازي گرديد. قطعات تقريبا 600 جفت بازي به دست آمده از واكنش زنجيره اي پليمراز، خالص سازي، توالي سنجي و ويرايش شده، در بانك ژن وارد گرديد. با استفاده از ابزار جستجوي   BLAST توالي­هاي آي­تي­اس دي.­ان­.اي. ريبوزومي به دست آمده با ساير آرايه­هاي معتبر مستخرج از بانك ژن مقايسه گرديد.   در نهايت 14 گونه از جمله:   Lepiota cristata (KT833859)، Lactarius glaucescens (KT833866)، Hebeloma alpinum (KT833861)، Hypholoma fasciculare (KT833860)، Pholiota gummosa (KT833858)، Psilocybe cyanescens (KT833857)، Psilocybe atrobrunnea (KT833864)، Stropharia aeruginosa (KT833865 )، Entoloma serrulatum (KT833862)، Coprinopsis atramentaria(KT833863)، Agrocybe praecox   (KT833856) و   Cyclocybe cylindracea (KT833863) با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و مولكولي و دو گونه   Boletus erythropus و   Irpex lacteus با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي شناسايي شدند.   دو گونه Hebeloma alpinum و Cyclocybe cylindracea   براي فلور قارچي ايران جديد و براي اولين بار گزارش مي شوند ضمن اينكه به جز گونه   Psilocybe atrobrunnea، بقيه گونه ها براي اولين بار از استان كرمانشاه گزارش مي­شود. در آناليز فيلوژنتيكي نيز جدايه­هاي ما با ديگر جدايه­هاي معتبر از كشورهاي ديگر به طور صحيح گروه بندي شدند.   نمونه­هاي سند در بخش گياهپزشكي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي نگه داري شدند. نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش نشان داد كه استان كرمانشاه داراي تنوع گونه اي زيادي از نظر قارچ­هاي كلاهدار است و تحقيقات بيشتري در خصوص شناسايي كلي اين قارچ ها بايد صورت بگيرد.