Leila Zarei

   Abstract Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important vegetables of the Solanaceae family, cultivated In tropical and subtropical regions, and valued for its economic, nutritional, and medicinal properties. Conventional propagation methods are often limited due to their tIme-consuming nature, dependence on environmental conditions, and reduced genetic uniformity. Therefore, the application of plant tissue culture techniques Is essential for rapid and uniform propagation as well as genetic Improvement. This study was conducted to investigate direct and Indirect regeneration of eggplant and to optimize the combination of plant growth regulators under In vitro conditions.    The experiments were carried out In the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Three types of explants—true leaf, cotyledon, and hypocotyl—were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators BAP, IBA, and GA?. The best callus induction was obtained from hypocotyl explants cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L IBA. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of explant type, concentration of growth regulators, and their interactions on callus Induction percentage, fresh and dry weight, length, width, and height of callus were significant at the 1% probability level. In direct regeneration, the highest regeneration percentage and number of shoots were obtained from leaf explants on MS medium containing 5 mg/L BAP. The rooting experiment indicated that the control treatment (without IBA) resulted in the highest rooting percentage and root length. Regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized to soil conditions in the greenhouse and exhibited normal growth.    Overall, the results demonstrated that proper selection of explant type and optimization of plant growth regulator concentrations play a key role in improving in vitro regeneration of eggplant. These findings can serve as a basis for large-scale production of healthy plantlets, germplasm conservation, and breeding programs in this valuable species.    Keywords: BAP, callus induction, direct and indirect organogenesis, IBA, in vitro regeneration.   

Abstract With the continuous growth of the global population and the increasing demand for sustainable food security, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a vital role as one of the major sources of calories and protein for a large portion of the world’s population. However, its production in temperate and arid regions such as Iran is severely constrained by abiotic stresses, particularly terminal drought and heat stress. Earliness is an important agronomic trait in wheat that enables plants to escape such end-season stresses. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 48 bread wheat genotypes (40 lines and 8 checks), identify early-maturing and high-yielding lines, and assess the genetic structure of phenological and yield-related traits under the environmental conditions of Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was carried out during the 2023–2024 cropping season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The seeds were selected from advanced lines derived from crosses among nationally released cultivars. Phenological, agronomic, and biochemical traits were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all studied traits, indicating considerable genetic potential for use in wheat breeding programs. Genotypes 10, 5, and 22 were identified as the earliest lines, while genotypes 1 and 24 were the latest. The highest grain yields were recorded for genotypes 32 (770.37 g/m²), winter backcross ‘Roshan’ (766.40 g/m²), 30 (760.15 g/m²), and 10 (696.79 g/m²). Grain yield showed significant positive correlations with spike weight per square meter, harvest index, and spike number per square meter, emphasizing the importance of these traits in yield improvement. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted six principal components explaining 81.29% of the total variance, with the first component mainly associated with phenological traits and the second with yield-related traits. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five clusters, among which cluster III comprised the earliest-flowering and earliest-maturing genotypes, characterized by the highest mean spike number, grain yield, and biological yield. These findings confirm the presence of sufficient genetic diversity for the improvement of phenological and yield-related traits in bread wheat. Identifying early-maturing, high-yielding lines (particularly those in cluster III) represents an effective strategy for developing stress-tolerant cultivars and improving water-use efficiency in future wheat breeding programs. Keywords Terminal drought, Heat stress, Genetic diversity, Grain yield, Earliness   

The Poaceae family plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. Oat, as a cereal and high-quality forage, has special significance. Increasing forage production is required due to livestock demand and resource limitations. This study evaluated the morphological, phenological, forage, and chemical diversity of 40 hexaploid oat genotypes with the aim of identifying genotypes possessing desirable forage and agronomic traits. The experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 cropping season at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah Province. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 40 treatments, consisting of forage-type genotypes selected from previous trials, was applied with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits except plant height. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of most agronomic and qualitative traits. The RYHTI, CHINESE, HOUDAN and STORMONT IRIS genotypes were superior in quantitative traits such as fresh forage weight, harvest index and grain yield, number of spikes and straw yield, while the JARLE, VENTURA, RUBIDA and ALASKA genotypes were distinguished by qualitative traits such as ash content, crude fat percentage, crude protein percentage and crude fiber percentage. Phenologically, the KENT genotype was introduced as the earliest and the SUPPORT genotype as the latest, which are suitable for regions with short and long growing seasons, respectively. The results of cluster analysis also confirmed the findings of the mean comparison and introduced the JARLE and FORWARD genotypes as well as ACACIA and CHINESE genotypes as superior in terms of a set of agronomic and qualitative traits. The correlation study of traits showed that some quantitative traits had a negative correlation with qualitative traits, while there was a positive correlation between some qualitative traits, indicating that genotypes focused on a group of traits. Finally, using the ideal genotype selection index, the ACACIA genotype was introduced as the superior genotype for continuing breeding programs. Keywords: Principal component analysis, Cluster analysis, Crude protein, Genotype selection index, Ether extract

The need to increase wheat yield and quality, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, adaptation to climate change, and the increase in the world population have increased the need for wheat breeding through its wild ancestors, including emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum   .dicoccoides). Emmer wheat's ability to produce high yields in poor soils, and its resistance to disease and tolerance to drought and heat stress have made it an important species with a very rich gene pool. In the present study, in order to investigate the genetic diversity of Amr wheat germplasm in terms of phenological and agromorphological characteristics as well as grain quality traits including iron, zinc and soluble protein concentrations, 150 Amr wheat genotypes originating from different countries (Iran, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq and occupied Palestine) were evaluated in an alpha lattice design with two replications in the 1401-1402 crop year under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment was significant for all measured traits except spike length and peduncle length, the effect of genotype was significant for all traits except leaf chlorophyll index, and the interaction effect of genotype × environment was significant for all traits except leaf chlorophyll index and days to spike. The highest general heritability (0.86) was obtained for the plant height trait under dryland conditions, which can indicate the possibility of successful selection for this trait. Based on the results of phenotypic and genotypic correlation analysis in both conditions, plant height had a positive and significant correlation with spike length and number of grains per spike, as well as spike length with number of grains per spike and peduncle length. In both conditions, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the grain iron and zinc content traits, and it is likely that these two traits can be increased simultaneously. In supplementary irrigation conditions, a negative and significant correlation was observed between zinc content and grain soluble protein. Cluster analysis using UPGMA and WARD methods was performed based on the measured traits, and according to the results of the false F, the Amer wheat genotypes were divided into four groups under dryland conditions and into two groups under supplementary irrigation conditions. Keywords: Genetic diversity, drought tolerance indices, phenological traits, grain quality traits, morphological traits, Amer wheat  

كنه(Trombidiformes: Iolinidae)   (McGregor, 1932) Pronematus ubiquitus كنه كوچكي است كه قادر است به‌طور چشم‌گيري، جمعيت تعدادي از آفات و بيماري را كنترل كند. اين شكارگر اندازه بسيار كوچك و سرعت تحرك فوق‌العاده‌اي دارد. روي سطح برگ برخي گياهان، تعداد زيادي پرزهاي غده‌اي وجود دارد كه وجود اين پرزها مانع از استقرار و حركت مناسب شكارگرهايي مانند كنه‌هاي Phytoseiidae مي‌شوند. ولي كنه P. ubiquitus به‌دليل ويژگي‌هاي فوق‌الذكر، قادر است به راحتي پشت و روي برگ گياهان ميزبان حركت كرده و از آفات و عوامل بيماري‌زاي سطح برگ تغذيه كند. كاربرد اين شكارگر به عنوان يك عامل كنترل بيولوژيك، مي‌تواند به ميزان قابل توجهي از مصرف آفت‌كش‌هاي شيميايي بكاهد. نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌يP. ubiquitus   روي درختان توت و بوته‌هاي لوبيا سبز در فصول بهار، تابستان و پاييز سال ???? در شهرستان كرمانشاه مورد مطالعه و بررسي قرار گرفت. نمونه‌برداري‌ها به صورت فواصل منظم و هفتگي صورت گرفت. نمونه‌برداري اوليه با در نظر گرفتن خطاي نسبي ??/? با ?? نمونه آغاز شد. در اين بررسي براي تعيين الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ي P. ubiquitus، دو روش قانون توان تيلور و شاخص‌ رگرسيوني آيوائو مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در اين مطالعه الگوي توزيع فضايي روي گياهان مورد مطالعه براي هر دو شاخص از نوع تجمعي به دست آمد. اثر دما و رطوبت نسبي نيز مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. براساس رگرسيون خطي، نوسانات جمعيت كنه با دما براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود ولي براي توت تفاوت معني‌دار و رابطه‌ي منفي مشاهده شد. همچنين رگرسيون خطي بين رطوبت نسبي و نوسانات جمعيت كنه براي لوبيا معني‌دار نبود، ولي براي توت رابطه‌‌ي مثبت و معني‌دار مشاهده شد. مطالعه‌ي نوسانات جمعيت و الگوي توزيع فضايي كنه‌ها مي‌تواند به تنظيم برنامه‌هاي نمونه‌برداري و تخمين جمعيت آن‌ها در مديريت تلفيقي محصولات مختلف كمك كند.   

   In order to study agronomic evaluation of recombinant inbred lines resulting from the wheat cultivars crossing, 450 recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F6) derived (three populations) from the crossing of Gascogen × winter backcross of Roshan, Marvdasht × MV17, Marvdasht × Shahpasand were evaluated. The experiment was carried out as an augment design in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, in 2020. The control treatments included five bread wheat cultivars (Roshan, Shahpasand, Morvdasht, Kraichov, MV17, Gascogen), the augment design was in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight replicates, and the lines were randomly placed inside them.The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed that kernel yield per square meter had a highly significant positive correlation with straw yield, plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf length, spike length, spike weight, number of kernel per spike, weight of kernels per spike, thousand seed weight, number of spike per m2, weight of spike per m2, weight of stem and leaf per m2, biological yield and harvest index. The results of path analysis showed that number of spike per m2 had the highest correlation and also highest direct effect on kernel yield. According to the results obtained from factor analysis, five main components justified 76.70 percent of the total variation among data. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into five groups. Generally, the results showed that the lines of the first group were superior to the other groups in terms of the most of the evaluated traits. Therefore, the lines in the first group could be sugessted for further breeding expriments. Key words: Augment, bread wheat, cluster analysis, recombinant inbred lines.

Abstract Oilseeds are very important as the raw material for the production of edible oil. One of the most important problems in agriculture is the lack of oilseeds and dependence on their import for various purposes. Dragons head is a multi-purpose plant with diverse and abundant capabilities and applications, which and can play a very important role in sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Plant breeders need vast resources of germplasm to carry out breeding activities on crops. Therefore, identifying the factors and indicators effective on increasing the yield and improving the biochemical characteristics of the Dragons head medicinal plant and using them in genetic and agronomic programs seems necessary. In this research, the number of 35 new ecotypes of Dragons head along with the control cultivar “Sara” were studied using a simple lattice design with two replications. The experiment was conducted in Sarab-Changai Research Station, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Khorramabad, Iran during the 2021-2022 cropping year. Various traits including days to flowering, day to physiological maturity, plant height and sub-branch number in plant were recorded. After harvesting, capsule number in plant, number of grains per plant, seeds weight per plant, thousand seed weight, grain yield and seed oil content were measured. Analysis of variance based on lattice design showed that the effect of treatment for single plant weight trait was significant at the probability level of 0.01 and   that for days to physiological maturity, biological yield and grain yield was significant at P<0.05. The results of variance analysis of morphological traits based on randomized complete block design showed that there was a significant difference between ecotypes in terms of the number of grain per plant and high significant difference in terms of capsules number per plant traits, the seed weight per plant and the thousand seeds weight. The highest amount of seeds weight per plant and grain yield was recorded for ecotype No. 36 (Sonqor city) and the lowest amount of seeds weight per plant was recorded for ecotype No. 10 (Tabriz 5). The thousand seeds weight and days to physiological maturity were the highest in ecotype No. 25 (Alvar Bostan-Abad village). The lowest thousand seeds weight was observed in ecotype No. 3 (Kelvanaq 4). The highest amount of seed oil content was found in ecotype number 17 (Kelvanaq13) and the lowest one was found in ecotype number 23 (Varzaqan 1). grain   was negatively correlated   with days to flowering and days to physiological maturity. The correlation between grain yield and oil percentage was positive and significant. The thousand seeds weight   was positively correlated with single plant weight and seeds weight per plant, and was negatively   correlated with seed number per plant and the number of capsules per plant.   ased on cluster analysis, ecotypes were divided into five groups. Ecotypes number 36, 31, 34, 35, 18, 32 and 23 with the smallest distance from the ideal ecotype, the largest distance from the non-ideal ecotype and the highest value of SIIG index were the best ecotypes in this study. These ecotypes were mostly in the same group in the cluster analysis.    Keywords: Cluster analysis, Dryland, Grain Yield, Oilseed, SIIG index,      

   Abstract    The genetic diversity of desirable alleles for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, yield and traits related to yield and quality traits were preserved in the wild relatives of cultivated plants. Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides, 2n = 4x = 28), hulled with wide genetic diversity, is the wild ancestor of tetraploid and hexaploid agricultural wheats, which grows widely in unfavorable areas for agriculture. Emmer wheat is a source of genetic diversity and it has valuable genes from its ancient wild relatives that were extension during the domestication of hexaploid wheat, so investigating the genetic diversity of emmer wheat is necessary to improve the yield and quality of crops. Tra  osons are parts of the organism's genome that move in the host's genome, they may select parts of the genome that help them to move to the new genomic location. In this research, using nine markers based on IRAP retrotra  oson and identifying the quantitative trait loci of different agricultural traits, including morphological, phenological and physiological traits were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 104 wild emmer wheat genotypes. The percentage of polymorphic loci for IRAP markers was 86/74%. The variation range of Jaccard's genetic similarity coefficient was from 0/41 to 0/90, which indicates a high amount of genetic diversity in the studied samples. Based on the GLM and MLM models, a total of 201 and 160 significant locations associated with the studied traits were identified at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. Pearson's correlation between traits showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between zinc content and iron in dry conditions, and there was a negative and significant correlation between grain zinc content and spike length. Considering that Pearson's correlation coefficients in dry conditions were higher than genetic correlation coefficients, it is possible that increasing the number of Pearson's correlations of studied traits is the limiting factor for the strong influence of these traits on environmental changes. In this research, increasing the length of the spike and the height of the plant led to an increase in the number of grains in the spike of emmer wheat, which is considered as a strategy for increasing wheat yield. In principal component analysis PCA, the first three components explained 67.6 percent of the molecular changes and 63.38, 2.24, and 1.98 percent of the changes, respectively, and the total changes (100 percent) were explained by 104 components.    Keywords: genetic diversity, Emmer wheat, IRAM, REMAP

   Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an annual flowering plant of the Brassicaceae family and a medicinal oil seed. It has low requirements for water and fertilizer and has significant adaptability to harsh environmental conditions such as cold and drought. But despite its importance, the product is considered new to Iran and needs more research and attention. In this study, 18 Camelina doubled haploid lines along with Soheil variety were evaluated in terms of agronomic and biochemical characteristics in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in field conditions. Crop traits including plant height, number of sub-branches, number of pods in main and sub-branches, number of seeds in pods, weight of 1000 seeds and biomass and biochemical characteristics including the amount of fatty acids of the studied lines by GC-MS method It was measured.   Results of morphological data and variance analysis of fatty acids showed significant differences between lines in all studied traits, indicating the existence of diversity among lines. The results of cluster analysis by UPGMA method and Euclidean distance square based on morphological traits and fatty acids divided the lines into two and three groups, respectively. In order to investigate the molecular diversity, Camelina doubled haploid lines were studied using 15 I   retrotra  oson Primers, and 14 Primers showed proper polymorphism and produced clear and scorable bands. The primers produced a total of 325 bands, 83 of which were polymorphic. The average number of amplified fragments was 23.21. Primers I   (2076) and I   (2271) produced the largest number of bands by producing 31 bands. Primer I   (2226) produced the least number of bands by producing 13 bands. The average number of polymorphic bands for each primer was 5.93. The average polymorphic percentage (PP) of the primers was 25.41%. In total, I  (2076), I  (2237) and I  (2239) primers with high values of polymorphic band number, polymorphic percentage, marker index, effective polymorphic ratio, resolving power and polymorphic information content were the most effective in distinguishing lines and as Informative primers were introduced. After examining the Jaccard genetic similarity matrix based on the I   index, the variation range of the genetic distance of the lines was calculated from 0.4 to 0.9. Clustering based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient divided the lines into four main groups. According to the decomposition into principal coordinates, the first two principal components explained a total of 32.08% of the changes, which indicated the almost appropriate coverage of the markers at the genome level. Based on the principal coordinate analysis results, the lines were placed in five groups. The results of Mantel's test of the molecular and morphological data showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the two matrices, and it can be said that the diversity at the field level confirms the diversity at the molecular data level. However, the similarity matrix obtained from molecular data and fatty acids, as well as the similarity matrix obtained from morphological data and fatty acids, showed their non-significance. Therefore, I   markers appear to be suitable markers for studying the genetic diversity of camelina, and the diversity observed among lines could be used in camelina plant breeding programs to produce varieties with desired characteristics.

   Abstract

Camelina seed with its unique compounds and in this research, thirteen Camelina double haploid lines were conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied characteristics included morphological, agronomic and biochemical traits  

   Abstract This research was conducted to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with agronomic traits in oat genotypes. For this purpose, 361 oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) received from the Australian Grain Gene bank (AGG) were evaluated within a square lattice design in two replications in the cropping year (2017-2018) under irrigation conditions in the experimental farm of Razi University, Kermanshah in terms of agronomic and molecular traits. Eleven agronomic traits, including biological yield, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles per m2, number of seed per panicle, thousand seed weight, days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity were measured. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the genotypes for all the investigated traits, which indicated the existence of high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes. Correlation coefficients showed that traits of biological yield, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, number of panicles per m2, number of seeds per panicle, and thousand seed weight had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Based on the results of path analysis, the number of seeds per panicle and then the number of panicles per m2 showed the most direct and positive effect. The biggest negative indirect effect on the grain yield was due to the number of panicles per m2 through the number of seeds per panicle. Cluster analysis based on the agronomic data using Ward's method grouped the genotypes into four clusters. The greatest genetic distance was observed between clusters 1 and 4. Based on the principal component analysis, 63% of the total variation was justified by the first two main components. Bi-plot obtained from principal component analysis confirmed the grouping results of cluster analysis. A molecular study was performed on 148 oat genotypes with independent pedigrees using 12 SCoT primers. A total of 135 bands were produced, of which 84 bands (61.75 %) were polymorphic. The highest values of the number of polymorphic bands, polymorphism percentage, marker index, effective polymorphism ratio, and resolution power were obtained for the SCoT1 primer, which can indicate the appropriate efficiency of this primer in differentiating oat genotypes. The genetic similarity of the studied genotypes varied from 0.32 to 0.87 using the Jaccard similarity coefficient. The highest genetic similarity was observed between genotypes 360 (DUNNART) and 361 (HOUDAN), and the lowest genetic similarity was calculated between genotypes 239 (WESTON) and 277 (STORMONT IRIS). Cluster analysis based on SCoT marker data, based on the UPGMA method and Jaccard similarity coefficient, divided oat genotypes into six groups. The results of the principal coordinate analysis confirmed the cluster analysis results. The study of the population structure showed the existence of three possible subpopulations (K = 3) for oat genotypes. The results of the association analysis based on the general linear model (GLM) and the mixed linear model (MLM) identified 111 and 38 significant relationships between genomic locations and studied traits, respectively. In total, the results obtained from the present study showed that there is a wide range of genetic diversity among oat genotypes, and it provides the possibility of using them in breeding programs. Also, It has been found that SCoT markers are useful and powerful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and identifying genomic regions related to the studied traits in oat genotypes. Therefore, they could be used in the selection of genotypes as parents for crossing and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to be used in plant breeding programs.

  

  itter melon or Carla, scientifically known as Momordica charantia, is a tropical and subtropical squash family that is grown entirely as a plant in Asia, Africa and South America for its fruits. Due to the high medicinal value, low level of processing in the country, high price of the product and the amount of demand, Carla is considered a medicinal plant and the production of this product as a crop can play an important role in the country's economy. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of urea and poultry manure and two different cultivation methods on yield, harvest index, dry matter and yield components of Carla, an experiment in the form of a random split plot in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in spring . 1400 were executed. In this experiment, the main plots include the type and composition of urea and poultry manure in 5 levels (100% urea), (75% urea + 25% poultry), (50% poultry + 50% urea), (25% urea + 75% poultry) , (100% poultry) and sub-plot included two types of scaffolding and plume cultivation methods, type strip irrigation system was used in this study. In this study, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, plant height, plant dry weight and indices were measured. The results showed that the effect of poultry manure level and the effect of cultivation method on most of the measured parameters were significant. Increased performance in Carla. Among the cultivation methods, the highest yield was obtained in the Cretan cultivation pattern. The interaction of cultivation pattern and fertilizer level was also insignificant in most traits. According to the test results, the use of poultry manure and scaffolding cultivation method is recommended for Carla cultivation. Keywords: Bitter melon, Cretan cultivation, Scaffold cultivation, Carla, Nitrogen

  AbstractThe production of organic and quality food is one of the most important human challenges today. Tomato paste has been considered as a popular condiment in Iranian food due to its antioxidants, lycopene, vitamins and minerals. Many tomato paste factories maintain the quality of this product through thermal processes, pasteurization and chemical preservatives. Previous methods can affect the effective management and production of tomato paste. Cold plasma food processing is used to achieve the desired level of quality of a product, especially heat-sensitive food. This emerging technology and non-thermal, safe, healthy, environmentally friendly, cost-effective and low impact It is based on the internal structure of the product. Due to recent advances in plasma technology, this study will be conducted to investigate the effect of using cold plasma treatment on the quality parameters of tomato paste. The research method is that at first, samples of tomato paste prepared from a specific variety of tomatoes were prepared from the tomato paste factory in both traditional (without preservatives) and industrial (with preservatives) and in the laboratory directly below. Laminar hoods were exposed to plasma under relatively uniformly cold plasma using dielectric barrier (DBD) discharge at 3 repetitions and 2 time levels. Samples were subjected to atmospheric pressure and 3 voltage levels (maximum 12 kV) and with Constant frequency of about 6-7 kHz was irradiated, then the effect of cold plasma after 10 days on pH, dye and brix parameters was evaluated and after 5 days of incubation, Aspergillus niger mold was evaluated and the mean treatment was compared with Duncan's test was performed by statistical analysis using   16 software.The results showed that the application of atmospheric cold plasma on industrial tomato paste had no significant effect on the pH of the paste and increased the brix of tomato paste and decreased the number of colonies. Aspergillus niger molds and thus improved the quality of industrial tomato paste over the weeks.  Keywords: Tomato paste, Quality, Atmospheric cold plasma, Food processing

Abstract Drought is one of the most important factors in reducing production in arid and semi-arid regions. It is important to study the response of plants to drought stress to reduce water consumption in areas facing water shortages. Among the wild relatives of wheat, diploid species with desirable characteristics have high potential in crop modification. One of the important epigenetic changes that is associated with the pattern of gene expression and causes genetic instability is DNA methylation. In this study, the Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-Random Amplification (CRED-RA) technique and five RAPD primers were used to identify changes in genome methylation in two einkorn wheat genotypes (H9 and S10) collected from Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces in four moisture stress regimes (irrigation at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25 % of field capacity) in two stages including 14 days after application of drought stress and 14 days after re-irrigation. A  factorial experiment  wa  conducted  ased on a  completely randomized desig  with  three replications in the greenhouse of Razi University, College of Agriculture. Physiological traits measured included relative leaf water content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and stomatal conductance. The results of analysis of variance after moisture stress showed the effect of stress on the measured traits. The most changes in methylation pattern were observed as a result of severe moisture stress in irrigation treatment at 25% of field capacity in both genotypes. Most of the fragments that showed a change in methylation pattern due to moisture stress, returned to the pre-stress state after stress removal, which indicates the reversibility of methylation changes in the genome. Fragments with similar methylation pattern variability in the three replications can be used after recovering and sequencing to study the genomic regions involved in response to drought stress in einkorn wheat. Keywords: CRED-RA technique, DNA methylation, einkorn wheat, moisture stress   

Abstract Camelina (camelina sativa) is an   an oilseed, medicinal, low-expectation and tolerant plant to meet environmental stresses, and identification of genetic variation in its germplasm is essential. Understanding genetic diversity is important and the basis of plant breeding research. In this experiment, the genetic diversity of 45 camelina’s doubled haploid lines resulted   from a cross of 29 parents was examined based on molecular characteristics, fatty acid profiles and morphological traits in greenhouse conditions. Greenhouse experiment was performed in 2019-2020 cropping season in the research greenhouse and molecular experiments were performed in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeedind, Razi University. Analysis of variance of morphological traits showed significant difference between lines for branch length, sub-branch length, number of lateral branches, number of pods on main branch, number of pods on sub-branch, height to first lateral branch, root length, length of pods, pod weight, total plant weight, root weight per plant, shoot weight, 1000-seed weight, plant yield and harvest index. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits using squared Euclidean distance coefficient and Ward method divided the lines into two separate groups. Factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation showed that five factors with eigen values ??above one accounted for a total of 78.40% of the total variation. To evaluate the efficency of REMAP and IRAP markers in the study of molecular diversity of 45 camelina’s doubled haploid lines, three rapeseed cultivars and one Arabidobsis genotype, 14 single and combined primers were used. The eight IRAP primers produced a total of 103 fragments, 95 of which were polymorph (92.23%), while the six REMAP primers produced 54 fragments, 49 polymorph fragments (90.70%). The results of molecular studies showed that IRAP marker had higher values ??than REMAP marker in terms of number of produced fragments, resolution power, effective marker ratio, marker index and polymorphism percentage. Cluster analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers using Complete method divided the lines into five groups, which in some cases were similar to grouping based on morphological traits. Coordinate analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers divided the studied lines into five groups. According to Mantel test, distance matrices obtained from IRAP and REMAP markers showed a weak and significant negative correlation with the data obtained from the measurement of phenotypic traits and fatty acid profiles. In general, the used retrotra  oson markers separated the camelina lines well. The observed diversity between Camelina lines can be used in germplasm management and breeding programs to produce cultivars with desirable characteristics. Keywords: Agronomic traits, Camelina, Genetic diversity, Retrotra  oson markers            

Plants’ seeds are a natural storage organ that is considered by genetic engineers as an ideal target for the expression of recombinant genes. Therefore, controlling the expression of transferred genes in this organ is one of the most important steps toward the development of the molecular farming strategy. A practical solution for this purpose is to identify, isolate and use the seed-specific promoters in important commercial species such as rapeseed. Oleosin is one of the most abundant proteins in the seed proteome of rapeseed and its expression is controlled by highly spatiotemporal promoters. The promoter of this gene causes strong expression of the reporter gene such as GUS in embryonic tissue and seed endosperm. In this study, in order to apply and identify the regulatory elements in the Oleosin promoter, this sequence was isolated from the canola genome and cloned into the   K+ vector. Comparing the sequence of the cloned fragment with the sequences in the NCBI database showed that, this sequence has significant similarities with the two categories of identified sequences. One group is the Oleosin gene-like sequences and the other is the methionine sulfoxide reductase gene-like sequences. This means that this fragment is present in an intergenic region that justifies the bidirectional function of this promoter. Drawing the phylogenetic tree and calculating the genetic distance of the cloned fragment with these sequences showed that the genetic distance of the cloned fragment with the existing sequences for the Oleosin gene is much less than the methionine sulfoxide reductase genes. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed that this fragment contains a large number of regulatory elements in both sense and antisense strands such as TATA-box, RY element, prolamin-box and Skn-1 motif. Most of these regulatory elements were identified in the 400 terminal nucleotides of this fragment (the region corresponding to the promoter of the Oleosin gene), while its 540 primary nucleotides bear a striking resemblance to the CDS region of the methionine sulfoxide reductase genes. Further studies showed that the density of regulatory sequences in the sense strand (Oleosin gene promoter) was higher than in the antisense strand and many regulatory elements such as napin motif, pyrimidine-box, E-box, SEF3 and SEF1 binding sites were present only in the sense strand. This means that this promoter has a completely different function in expressing the two genes under its control so that most of the regulatory elements that are present in the sense strand (but not in the antisense strand) are found in seed-specific promoter  

Abstract Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.   . Durum) is one of the most important foods due to its widespread consumption in the world as pasta and having a high percentage of protein (12-14%). Genetic diversity is the basis of breeding programs and selection depends on the existence of desirable genetic diversity in terms of the characteristics under study. Due to the importance of durum wheat, identifying its genetic diversity is of great importance. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of 69 durum wheat lines received from ICARDA along with Saji cultivar using SCoT marker and to investigate the relationship between this marker and five important agronomic traits measured in two cropping seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). A total of 177 bands produced by 12 primers, of which 97 bands were polymorphic (54.86%). The highest number of polymorphic bands was related to SCoT16 primer and the lowest was related to SCoT14 primer. The mean of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.448 and the highest and lowest values ??belonged to SCoT33 and SCoT30 primers, respectively. The genetic similarity of the genotypes using the Jacquard similarity’s coefficient ranged from 0.184 to 0.734. In the cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into four groups, and the results of principal component analysis also corresponded to this grouping. The primers used in this study showed a moderate polymorphism, and among them, the SCoT16 primer was highly efficient in differentiating genotypes. The range of high genetic similarity coefficient showed high genetic diversity among the studied lines. In the association analysis by generalized linear regression method in the first year of study , 25 and in the second year of study 35 informative markers and using mixed linear regression method in the first year of study, 22 and in the second   year of study, 32 significant association between genomic locations and five studied traits were identified. For each traits, days to flowering, plant height, days to physiological maturity and 1000-kernel weight, a stable marker was identified across two years. Keywords: association analysis, genetic diversity, genetic structure, SCoT marker, Triticum turgidum L.   

  Abstract:  Due to the complexity and structure of the water supply networks, a computer simulator is needed to analyze the performance of the networks during operation. One of the most important parameters in computer software is the close proximity of the modeling results to the actual state of the system which must be precisely adjusted to achieve this goal.To achieve this, model coefficients must be adjusted and calibrated by field data. Parameters that are constantly changing in water distribution networks are: pipe roughness coefficient and demand pattern coefficients. These variables are not explicitly calculated by direct measurement and are usually estimated by measuring the outputs of the outputs of the models and the steps to obtain these variables are like an inverse problem.In this study, EPANET hydraulic software and genetic algorithm were used to optimize the coefficient of roughness of water supply pipes and demand pattern coefficients. The objective function in this study is to minimize the sum of the observed and computational pressure difference in the network nodes.Increasing the number of data points increases the accuracy of the results, but the cost of calibration also increases Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to determine the hydraulic calibration of the water supply network with minimum pressure measurement points.In this case, there are usually many clusters of solutions that obtain acceptable error at the sampled points, but have many other errors that can be mistakenly selected as the model's final answer if not accurate. In this research, we have presented some strategies that can be used to obtain the realistic model solution while utilizing minimum sampling points.  Keywords: Pipe roughness coefficient - Demand pattern – Water distribution network - Genetic algorithm.  

Lettuce is considered as a model plant for biotechnology because of its compatibility with stable genetic transformation and tissue culture. In gene transformation, optimization of tissue culture is the first step to achieve a transgenic plant in order to reproduce the plant as soon as possible. GDP-mannose-3’,5’-epimerase (GME) is one of the key genes in ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathway in plants. The present study aims to transfer GDP-mannose-3´,5´-epimerase (GME) gene from Actinidia deliciosa L. into Lactuca sativa L. First, in order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L., its tissue culture was optimized and then gene transformation was done. Moreover, to investigate callus induction rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 16 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, and also direct regeneration rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 6 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02 and 0.05 mg/l NAA and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, a factorial replacement series experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. No analysis was performed since no result was obtained for direct regeneration experiment with the listed treatments. The results from ANOVA indicated that interaction effects of explant type and plant growth regulators (BAP and NAA) were significant at 1% probability level in callus induction, relative water content, weight growth, and indirect regeneration. Furthermore, the results of means comparison revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction and indirect regeneration (100%) were observed on leaf and cotyledon explants and MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l BAP and 0.04 mg/l NAA. In order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L. using L. sativa L. cv. Setareh and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (C58) on two types of explants (cotyledon and true leaves), a factorial replacement series experiment with three replications and 2 min and 8 min inoculation was done. The results also confirmed the presence of pBI121+GME in transgenic plants. In addition, the explant true leaves and 2 min inoculation (with 18 percent transformation ratio) were more suitable for transformation. Keywords: Transformation, tissue culture, vitamin C, lettuce, GME   

   AbstractIn order to study the genetic diversity of 20 different genotypes of Durum wheat, this research was carried out in the crop research and cytogenetic laboratory of the Razi Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus in 2016-2017. Agronomic traits and physiology and drought resistance were evaluated based on a completely randomized block design with three replications and two conditions without stress and drought stress. Genetic diversity was studied in agronomic traits and physiology. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the two conditions without stress and stress in terms of characteristics. The results of the comparisons showed that grain and biological yield, harvest index, the weight of one thousand seeds and number of spikes per square meter, straw yield, spike yield and spike dry weight in drought stress medium were significantly higher than drought stress medium Was. In non-stress conditions, the highest yield was genotype No. 19 (1033.3) and lowest yield was genotype 4 (557.7). Under stress conditions, genotypes number 1 and 14 were respectively the highest (567.7) and lowest (287.3) Yielded the amount of performance. According to the results of correlation between drought resistance indices and yield in two conditions without stress and stress, MP, YI, HMP, REI, GMP and STI indices were more suitable for selection of superior genotypes in both conditions. Analysis of the main components of the indices showed that the first component justifies 58.87% and the second component is 32.91% of the total variance. Based on RS ranking for genotype 1, the lowest and genotype 11 had the highest rank, respectively, which were the most resistant and sensitive genotypes respectively. Based on the bipolar, genotypes number 1, 8 and 19 were placed in area A. Factor analysis for all traits was performed. For the first ten factors, 91.31% of the total variation of the data in the stress-free environment and eleven of the first factors were explained in a total of 92.8% in stress conditions. Cluster analysis using Ward method, based on yield and yield components, physiology and phenology characteristics, >  Keywords: Yield components, Drought stress, Yield, Durum wheat

Tomato is the second most commonly used vegetable after potatoes and is undoubtedly one of the most widely used horticultural products. Because tomato is one of the most important crops in Iran, understanding the genetic diversity of genotypes cultivated in Iran is of great importance. In this research, 99 genotypes were collected from Rojin taak, Golsam, gorgan, Behta, Hezare sewom and Falat Companies in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato. molecular studies at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Genetic Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, in 2017-19. To evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato genotypes, a SCoT molecular marker was used. Of the 36 SCoT primers used, there were 15 polymorphic initiators. Out of 207 bands produced, 206 bands were polymorphic, and the mean of the polymorphic percentages and the mean of the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) was estimated to be 99.92 and 0.298, respectively, and the size of the bands varied from 250 to 3200 bp. In the study of genetic similarity between genotypes, Jaccard genetic similarity coefficient was more than 0.166 between genotypes 34 (104) and 97 (ZTP 8) to 0.837 between genotypes number 86 (Namib F1) and 87 (1227) variables And its average was 51.95. Cluster analysis was performed based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient and Centroid method. Therefore, genotypes were divided into three clusters. Analysis of the main components of the genotypes was divided into four groups, which explained the first three components of 58.821% of the molecular variations and the results of the analysis of the main components largely corresponded to the cluster analysis results. Molecular analysis of variance showed that there is a high variation among the populations. In the present study, the SCoT molecular marker was successfully used to study the genetic variation among tomato cultivars and produced a high level of polymorphism, indicating a good effect on the differentiation of tomato genotypes.   

  Identification of traits related to barley yield improvement under rainfed and irrigation conditions will increase the chances of success in breeding programs and will allow planning to select effective traits for yield improvement. The interaction between genotype and environment creates complexity in yield prediction and is a challenge for plant production and breeding programs. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and important agronomic traits of barley, 21 barley genotypes were grown in randomized complete block designs with three replications under rainfed and irrigation conditions at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah , Iran in the 2016-2017 cropping season. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the drought stress reduced significantly the thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, peduncle length/plant height, spike weight, days to physiological maturity, kernel filling period, spike length, stomatal conductance, quantum yield of photosystem II and harvest index. Correlation analysis indicated that there was positive and significant correlation between grain yield, number of seed per spike and biological yield under irrigation conditions. Grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield but negatively with days to flowering under rainfed conditions. According to path analysis, number of seed per spike and thousand kernel weight had the highest direct effect on grain yield under irrigation and rainfed, respectively. Using factor analysis, under irrigation conditions, five factors explained 80.29% of the total variance and under rainfed conditions, 84.70% of the total variance were explained by six factors. The stepwise regression model indicated that 30. 5% of grain yield variations justified by biological yield under irrigation environment, while under rainfed conditions, biological yield, spike length and day to flowering explained 80.4% of the variations. Cluster analysis, >Key words: barley, drought stress, genotype × environment interaction, grain yield, yield stability.

 Being the second most important vegetable crop, Tomato (Sol lycopersicum) is an excellent source of health-promoting compounds that its production adversary affected by ranges of biotic and abiotic stresses worldwide. Amongst, parasitic weed Orobanche sp. (=Phelipanche sp.) is one of the most important threats that causes heavy economic losses both in greenhouse and fields. The present study shows the effects of Orobanche parasitism on tomato through differential expression analysis via Oligo-dT anchored cDNA-SCoT technique to identify differentially expressed fragments in 2 tissues of tomato during 4 developmental stages. Amongst 36 evaluated SCoT primers, 11 primers showed a clear differential display. Comparison of expression pattern between infested and corresponding control samples showed both down- or up-regulation of fragments resulting in the following identification of functional genes involved in the interaction of tomato with the parasite.

     In order to evaluate water deficit tolerance and genetic variation of 16 bitter vetch genotypes, two field experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications under non-stress and water deficit stress conditions at Research farm of Razi University, Kermanshah.   Days to flowering, days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were measured in the both environments. Analysis of variance in each environment revealed significant variation among genotypes Combined variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of environment on most traits was significant. Different stress tolerance indices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean production (GMP), mean production (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI) and harmonic mean (HAM) were calculated based on yield data in the both coinditions. MP, GMP and STI indices showed positive significant correlation with yield in the both conditions, and YI and HAM indices were correlated with yield in stress conditions. Therefore, they were appropriate indices for selection of superior genotypes. Based on the biplot of the first two main components, genotypes 2, 3, 13 and 16 were identified as suitable entries for the both conditions. Genetic parameters were estimated for all the   measured traits. As a whole, phenotypic correlations were more than genetic correlations, indicating the effect of environment on the genotypes.Keywords: Genetic Diversity, Water Deficiency Stress, Bitter Vetch

  Aquaculture is a good source of protein for the proper combination of essential amino acids. According to the Worlds Food Organization, the annual production of aquaculture has steadily increased over the last seven decades and has risen from around 20 million tons in the early 1950 to 170 million tons in 2015 (FAO, 2016). Generally speaking, public awareness of the importance of nutrition has increased, and the production of important nutritionally proteins to meet the growing demand of the population is one of the most important issues of human societies. In order to control the quality of food in post-harvest technology in the agricultural industry, the availability of visual information from all levels is essential. And since most of the methods for measuring the quality of agricultural products are destructive, time-consuming and expensive, the visual system is considered as a non-destructive tool and is used to control the quality of agricultural products. This research was conducted to determine the algorithm for calendering using image processing. 36 rainbow trout in a weighing range between 200 and 800 grams were prepared randomly. Imaging of samples placed at environment temperature and in the refrigerator every 4 hours and the fish kept in the freezer was carried out weekly until complete degradation. In the image processing step, 527 parameters were extracted from each image of the fish, among which, according to the images and histograms, eight effective parameters were determined using the sensitivity analysis for modeling. Three algorithms ANFIS, ANN and RSM were used for grading and modeling. In the modeling the past time of hunting fishes placed at frizer,refrigerator and environment, the best of three models was ANFIS algorithm with correlation coefficients of 0.982627, 0.988024 and 0.988094, respectively. But in the modeling past time of hunting for all enviornments, the ANN algorithm with the correlation coefficient of 0.981391 was the best model. Fuzzy Inference System was used to grading trout. This decision-making system consists of three FIS proportional to the location of fish storage. Each FIS had two inputs including: past time of hunting in hours and size in pixels and one output as a grade of fish quality.Keywords: detection algorithm, image processing, salmon, duration of storage

  AbstractRapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the most important oil seed plants in the world. The presence of rapeseed weeds and control them by chemicals is a problem for its cultivation and development. Among conventional herbicides, glyphosate is a common and broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits E   enzymes. In the present study, in order to induce resistance to glyphosate, a mutated gene with three mutations with a non-mutated gene under control of the CaMV35S promoter and the NOS terminator were first transferred to the pUC18 plasmid and then to the PBI121 plasmid. The transformation to rapeseed RGS003 spring variety was carried out via Agrobacterium tumefaciense (strain LBA4404) method. Resistance of putative transgenic plants to kanamycin was used in order to initial evaluation. In greenhouse conditions, 142 lines of T1 generation were evaluated for resistance to 10 mM glyphosate herbicide. The results were analyzed by Chi-square test. T2 Transgenic plants were evaluated in the in vitro conditions in a factorial experiment in concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mM glyphosate herbicide. Also, the T2 plants were examined in greenhouse at concentrations of 0, 1.2, 2.4, 4.2, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, 156.6mM glyphosate. The results of herbicide effects on plants in greenhouse conditions showed that there is a significant difference between the control and transgenic lines for herbicide tolerance, and in the T1 generation, resistance to herbicide has Mendelian inheritance. Among the plants,there were some lines that were resistant to glyphosate but sensitive to kanamycin. In addition to resistance to kanamycin and herbicide, physiological traits, yield and yield components, boilingtime was also measured. According to the results of this experiment, increasing the concentration of herbicide, stomatal resistance, partial steam pressure, leaf surface temperature and photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and active photosynthesis radiation, stomatal carbon dioxide, yield and yield components were decreased.   Keywords: Rapeseed, herbicide resistance, glyphosate, E  

  Forests provide a lot of benefits of economic, social and environmental   for mankind and as a backbone for any country, which of these benefits can be described as one of the forest services.For this purpose investigate of forest vertical and horizontal structure   for better understand of ecological conditions and providing necessary information for forest management. So that in forest ecosystems term structure of space layout is being investigated set of tree features including age of the tree, dimensions, species, gender and so on . In result, having knowledge about forests structure helps to us to support of sustainable management activities for policy development is in line with the goals of forest and correct management   .Although forests from aspect of structures and species from aspect of regeneration process are diverse but their destruction and growth processes are similar and in result exact determine of structural informatio  and birth processes in the several forest can be used for other forests in similar cases. Forest masses structure under of manage through comparing them with normal and normal structures and subsequently implementing correct management can background of deployment one regeneration appropriate for future generations . Species diversity is one of the important components of biodiversity. In fact, it can be said diversity of tree species is the basis of biodiversity in the whole forest because trees provides resources and habitat for all other forest species In fact, flexibility and stability in forest ecosystem  has direct relationship with variety of species and structure in the forest  .In the meantime, for investigate relationship between forest structure and tree species diversity must be used effective tool. .According to this subject can be used earth science statistics. This research is part of the cradle protection forests in Kermanshah province in the common system of Brihi Khani (11 year old area) with a longitude of 46 36’ 87” to   46 39’ 07” eastern and latitude"   34 23’ 37”to 34 19’ 29” North was done. Sampling with use of randomized random network done to dimensions 200 × 200 m which are dismantled   25 original plots with dimensions 20 × 20. Then, in the 1.4 region, 25 plots of 20 × 20 with   distance of 50 meters from each other were taken as subplots. and in these plots was picked structural features,   diversity of trees and diversity of regeneration that harvested specifications in these plots are as follows:In each plot was measured species type, crown diameter, diameter of breast, height of trees, number of searches, frequency percentage of coppice and seedling plots was measured in each plot   .

  Evaluation and comparisonof Iranian and Europeanbarley(Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under field and laboratoryconditions

  Abstract :  In order to assess triple superphosphate application and compound of proline and lysine on Broomrape control and effect   on tomato and as well as   response of tomato variates to this treats, the experiment was conducted factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors contains: 1- Broomrape in two levels (infested and no  hy;infested), 2- variate in three levels (Eden, 3402, Pill ztp3), 3- compound of proline and lysine in four levels (zero, 10, 20 and 30 mM), 4- triple superphosphate fertilizer in four levels (zero, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha). The results showed that usage compound of proline and lysine in each three concentration in intraction with zero and 100 kg/ha triple superphosphate fertilizer, have most inhibition efficacy on Broomrape. Nonetheless for some traits as dry and fresh matter weight of Broomrape branched and tubercle, inhibition 20 mM concentration was most than remnant. Also, this concentration hadnt negative effect on majority traite of tomato. Assess of variate and triple superphosphate fertilizer intraction shown that 300 kg/ha have most inhibition efficacy on Broomrape, in each three variate increase of dry and fresh matter weight of Broomrape tubercle observated in 200 kg/ha toward control. Intraction variate and triple superphosphate fertilizer significant for majority traite of tomato. Variate Pill ztp3 was slightly different than another variates in response to triple superphosphate fertilizer. Generally, in each three variate, both environmental situation (infected and no  hy;infected) with increasing amount of triple superphosphate fertilizer, increased important traites of tomato as dry and fresh matter weight of root and branche. Nonetheless, this increasing toward control, in infested condition was more than no  hy;infested condition. Moreover intraction of variate and compound of proline and lysine significant only for physiological traits as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, also significant for some morphological traits as medium stem diagonal, fresh matter weight root and branch of tomato. Hereon Variate Pill ztp3 in response to compound of proline and lysine was slightly different than another variates. Also as for traits as single fruit weight, number of fruit per plant and medium yield per plant, respectively variate 3402 and Variate Pill ztp3 had least and most yield decrease in competition with Broomrape.   Key words : tomato, Broomrape, triple superphosphate fertilizer, proline, lysine  

  Environmental pollution is a barrier to sustainable development and the implementation of any development projects to ensure sustainability of the environment. Any change in the characteristics of the components of the soil so that the soil contamination it is impossible called (secretary in 1393). Environmental pollution, especially pollution of chemical elements is one of the main factors in the destruction of the biosphere. Soil pollution is one of the main complications is in the balance and harmony of nature. One of the most important soil contaminants include heavy metals, due to non-biodegradable properties, toxicity and having Zyan¬Bar physiological effects on organisms at low concentrations, cumulative effects and are considered carcinogenic (Karami et al. 1387, Alloway et al. 1990, Mikko et al. 2006). ) As well as its impact on the soil physicochemical properties can be increased up pollutants. In addition to all this, is efficient and economical. greenhouse conditions was conducted in a completely randomized design. Soil physicochemical properties in terms of absorption and desorption Khak¬Ha very close and also were similar. It also stems and roots of wheat than the maximum concentration of cadmium in the metal (1/0 to 2/0 mg kg) more.

  AbstractOne of the oldest traditional crops is fig (Ficus carica L.) tree that extensive present in several countries around the Mediterranean basin. Iran is the important centers of publishing and distribution of many plant species. Thus, Knowledge of fig genetic diversity is so important. The present study was done to investigate the genetic diversity of 147 fig genotypes in west of Iran by using morphological traits and ISSR and SCoT markers. Genotypes were collected from 25 regions in the provinces of Kermanshah, Kordestan and Ilam. In morphological part, genotypes in terms of 58 traits related to characteristics of tree, leave and fruit were studied. The results of cluster analysis based on the morphological traits divided the genotypes into five groups. Principal component analysis, divided the genotypes into five groups. Factor analysis results showed that 18 factors justified about 75.62% of the total variation that the first three factors could be named as leaf and fruit size factor, growth form and factor affecting little lateral lobes. Correlation analysis also showed significant correlations between traits. In molecular studies, 10 ISSR and SCoT primer showed polymorphic. A total of 155 bands were produced by ISSR markers that among which 144 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphic was 92.83%. Also 10 SCoT primers produced 183 bands that 169 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphism was 90.91 percent. The size of the bands based on ISSR and ScoT markers were varied between 250 to 2200 and 250 to 3007 base pair, respectively. In cluster analysis based on ISSR and ScoT markers, genotypes respectively were evaluated in three and five groups which in some cases were similar with morphological dir=ltr>Keywords: Fig, genetic diversity, west of Iran, ISSR, SCoT