Mokhtar Ghobadi

     Abstract Objective:  Iran has a vast range of rural settlements, and their social sustainability largely depends on residents’ psychological and emotional attachment to their living environment. Factors such as perceived personal control and subjective well-being play an important role in strengthening or weakening the sense of belonging to rural life. Research Methodology:  This descriptive-correlational study investigated the effect of perceived personal control on sense of belonging to rural life, with the mediating role of subjective well-being, among residents aged 18+ in rural areas of Kermanshah County. The sample consisted of 384 individuals selected through multistage cluster random sampling. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires and analyzed using   win 27 (descriptive statistics) and Smart-PLSwin 4 (structural equation modeling and mediation analysis). Findings:  erceived personal control had a direct and significant relationship with subjective well-being and place attachment. The structural model confirmed that subjective well-being mediates the relationship between personal control and place attachment. The path coefficient for the direct effect of personal control on place attachment was 0.42, and the indirect effect via subjective well-being was 0.10. Conclusion:  Enhancing place attachment in rural communities requires a multi-level, participatory approach. The main recommendation is to design a “Rural Community Health Scorecard” combining health and psychological indicators (personal control, subjective well-being, place attachment) for scientific resource allocation. Given the high mean score of place attachment, top-down planning should be replaced with a bottom-up model delegating real control to local councils. Since subjective well-being had the lowest mean, a periodic monitoring system (every two years) at the rural district administration (Dehyari) level, along with targeted interventions—culturally based stress management workshops, local storytelling campaigns, and participatory micro?funds for women and youth—is essential. At the micro level, training volunteer psychosocial health facilitators and designing a six?session educational package based on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory (short?term goal setting, managing mental barriers) are proposed. A mobile learning system via local messengers and small grants for physical improvement projects (emphasizing vernacular architecture) can simultaneously strengthen personal control, subjective well-being, and place attachment. Combining macro-structural interventions with local, low?cost solutions institutionalizes existing psychosocial capital and brings rural development from the margins to the mainstream. Keywords:  erceived personal control, subjective well-being, belonging to rural life, social sustainability, psychological empowerment.

Coriander is a member of the Apiaceae family, which has been widely used in traditional medicine, and its medicinal value has been proven throughout history among various nations. One of the most important problems of this valuable crop is non-chemical weed control, which can be reduced by using cover crops.

  Abstract Bread wheat is one of the important crops in the world and plays an important role in food security. Silicon is not an essential element for plant growth. However, the results of recent researchs showed that silicon has been effective in increasing the resistance of plants against environmental stresses. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to comparing of silicon oxide (SiO2) with different diameters, sodium and potassium silicate in reducing drought stress damage in dryland bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted as of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The test treatments include different forms of silicon (without silicon consumption (control), potassium silicate (K2SiO3), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), nano-SiO2Ps 8nm, nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 25±5 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 65±5 nm, SiO2Ps 1000 nm, SiO2Ps 5000 nm, SiO2Ps 10,000 nm and SiO2Ps 100,000 nm. The results showed that the use of different forms of silicon improved the growth and yield of bread wheat. So that the maximum leaf diameter (2.77 mm), spike length (11.38 cm) and the number of spikelets per spike (15.19) were obtained from foliar spraying of Nano-SiO2Ps 8 nm. In addition, the mean comparisons showed that the treatment of nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm and Na2SiO3 increases the number of grains in the spike by by 35.11% and 32.93% compared to the control. Also, the highest of 1000 grain weight was observed in potassium silicate treatment, SiO2Ps 10000 nm and nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm. Foliar spraying of nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm increased grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield by 38.23%, 49.20% and 57.60% compared to the control, respectively. Plants sprayed with nano-SiO2Ps 8 and 12 nm had significantly more chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll than other forms of silicon. On the other hand, the highest levels of proline, protein and soluble sugars in leaves were observed with the use of nano-SiO2Ps 8, 12, 25 and 65 nm. It was found that the use of different forms of silicon decreased the content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in leaves compared to the control. In general, treatments of silicon oxide nanoparticles increased the yield, yield components and biochemical traits of wheat more effectively compared to the non-nano form, which indicates the better ability of nanoparticles due to their smaller dimensions and greater surface area. Therefore, it is recommended to use the form of silicon dioxide nanoparticles to increase the growth and yield of bread wheat and reduce the damage of drought stress. Key words: Antioxidant enzyme, Grain yield, Nanoparticle, Silicon, Wheat

  Abstract In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur levels on the growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield of nigella, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2021-22 cropping year at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The factors include the application of nitrogen at three levels (one-third, two-thirds and equivalent to the recommended amount from the source of urea fertilizer) as the main-factor and the application of sulfur at four levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha from the source of Ammonium sulfate) were as sub-factor. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of nitrogen on harvest index, number of capsules per plant, 1000 grain weight, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, number of days from seedling emergence to flowering, grain filling duration, grain filling rate, grain protein, grain ash, and leaf nitrogen were significant at the 1% probability level, and the biological yield and plant height were significant at 5% level. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on harvest index, 1000 grain weight, grain filling rate and grain ash was significant at the 1% probability level, and on the number of days from seedling emergence to flowering, grain filling duration and leaf nitrogen at 5% level. The nitrogen × sulfur interaction effect on grain yield, number of grains per capsule, number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, grain oil, grain fiber and stem nitrogen at the 5% probability level and on oil yield, oil harvest index and number of days from seedling emergence to physiological maturity was significant at the 1% probability level. Interaction treatment of the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer x 120 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer produced the highest values of biological yield (4788 kg/ha), grain yield (1941 kg/ha), oil yield (743 kg/ha), harvest index (38/9%), oil yield index (15.3%), number of capsules per plant (34.92), number of grains per capsule (78.8), number of grains per plant (2921), 1000-grain weight (2.32 g) , grain weight per plant (7.10 g), plant height (66.9 cm), number of lateral branches (12.31), stem diameter (7.31 mm), number of leaves per plant (101.4) ), leaf area per plant (186 cm2), number of days from seedling emergence to flowering (69.8 days), number of days from seedling emergence to physiological maturity (110.6 days), grain filling duration (39.1 days), grain filling rate (163 mg/day), grain protein (28.1%), grain fiber (9.05%), grain oil (38.78%), leaf nitrogen (2.80%) and stem nitrogen (15.1%). In general, the application of the recommended amount of nitrogen with 80-100 kg/ha of sulfur fertilizer can be recommended as a suitable treatment to improve the yield of nigella. Key words: Nigella, grain oil, leaf nitrogen, grain yield, harvest index.

Slope breakers are the most common hydraulic energy structures that are used for energy consumption in irrigation   and drainage networks, water treatment systems, eroding waterways, and wastewater collection and disposal. When the natural slope of the ground is higher than the slope of the designed channel, slope breakers are used to transfer water.  The loss of energy in this structure occurs due to the impact of the water jet on the bottom of the channel and the creation of a hydraulic jump in the calm pond. Also, considering that in some irrigation and drainage networks, an overflow may be built upstream of the breakwater in order to control the water level. The effect of the construction of this structure on the hydraulics of the flow passing through the breakwater is discussed.  In general, the goals of this research include the numerical simulation of the flow passing through the vertical breakwater using Flow-3D software, the investigation of the amount of energy consumption passing through the vertical breakwater, the validation of the experimental relationships presented for the flow characteristics, the investigation of the effect of the overflow installation on the energy consumption, The study of supercritical and subcritical flow in the upstream channel is based on the characteristics of the flow.

Purslane is a valuable medicinal plant that has useful compounds and properties, which include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, etc. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that always has many negative effects on the productivity of agricultural products. In drought conditions, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer consumption can affect the growth and yield. For this purpose, the effects of drought and nitrogen stress on the growth and some agronomic and physiological traits of purslane were carried out in the research greenhouse of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in the crop year of 2022-2021. The experiment was designed as a factorial in base of a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. The treatments included drought stress levels (irrigation at 35, 50, 65 and 80% moisture depletion) and amounts of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 from urea source). The examined traits included biomass, seed weight, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seeds, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, stem dry weight, leaf and stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen harvesting index, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid , chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance etc. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress were significant on the traits of biomass, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seed, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, leaf dry weight, leaf weight ratio, stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen removal index, water use efficiency, amount of water used, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels was significant on plant dry weight, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, plant height, leaf dry weight, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen harvest index, Chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The interaction of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer was significant on stem dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and total, and also carotenoid. The treatment of 35% moisture depletion and of 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest values on plant dry weight (2.82 g), seed weight per plant (1.13 g), harvest index (40.04%), the number of capsules per plant (62/66), the number of seeds per capsule (72/33), the number of seeds per plant (4548/4), the weight of 1000-weight seeds (0.50 g), the dry weight of leaves (0.16 g), the dry weight of stems ( 2.37 g), seed nitrogen (11.02 %), leaf nitrogen (6.2 %), stem nitrogen (7.86 %), nitrogen harvesting index (57.75%). The 80% moisture depletion treatment increased the efficiency of water consumption (11.83 g kg-1). In general, the results showed that, in the treatment of 35% moisture depletion and 100 kgha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer was obtained the highest yield of purslane seeds. Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence, seed protein, water use efficiency, photosynthetic pigment  

Today, for the production of agricultural products, inputs such as fertilizers and chemical poisons, fossil fuels, and machinery are needed, each of which has a significant contribution to the production of greenhouse gases. The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases is the reason for climate change, which itself plays an important role in the amount of production of the world's agricultural ecosystems. For this purpose, a study was conducted with the aim of the effect of crop rotation on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the fields of Kermanshah. To carry out this study, all agricultural operations and inputs consumed in the studied fields from planting to harvesting, including all chemical inputs (fertilizers, poisons, fossil fuels, seeds, agricultural machinery, etc.) were calculated and analyzed. The data analysis was calculated in three parts energy input (consumption), energy output (production) and global warming potential (GWP) caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. The results of this study showed that the total input energy in common wheat cultivation was 13844.7 megajoules, of which the largest share was related to fossil fuel consumption (37.4%). While the highest share in low-tillage and no-tillage wheat cultivation belonged to nitrogen fertilizer in the amount of 36.7%. The total input energy in the common chickpea cultivation system was 7009.6 megajoules, while the total input energy in low tillage chickpea cultivation was 5256.4 megajoules and in no-tillage chickpea cultivation the total input energy was 4470 megajoules. The largest share in all three tillage systems was related to fossil fuels. In the common wheat cultivation system, low tillage and no-tillage, energy consumption efficiency were 3.2, 5.1 and 4.9 respectively. The amount of energy consumption efficiency in common chickpea cultivation, low tillage and no-tillage was 2.6, 2.8 and 3.9 respectively. The largest share of consumption inputs caused by global warming and greenhouse gas emissions in the cultivation of wheat and peas is related to fossil fuels. The highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.21), nitrogen fertilizers (30.82), phosphate fertilizers (7.41) and potash fertilizers (55.2). Also, the highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-pea cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.32), nitrogen fertilizers (28.58), phosphate fertilizers (9.19) and potash (2.90). The highest emission of CO2 gas in common wheat cultivation was related to the consumption of fossil fuels and in low tillage and no-tillage, wheat cultivation was related to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest emission of greenhouse gas N2O caused by chemical inputs related to fossil fuels was common in wheat cultivation. According to the results, it can be stated that wheat cultivation with a low tillage method had the highest energy consumption efficiency. The highest energy efficiency in chickpea cultivation was related to the no-tillage system. The higher energy efficiency in the wheat-pea rotation was due to the decrease in input energy and the increase in crop efficiency in this rotation. The global warming index increased with the increase of greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat rotation compared to the wheat-pea rotation.   

In the soils of Iran, the deficiency of essential nutrients and the low efficiency of their absorption are considered important factors contributing to the reduction in quantity and quality of agricultural products. Therefore, by implementing proper plant nutrition methods, the efficiency of nutrients can be enhanced. Based on this premise, to investigate the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers on morphophysiological traits and performance of black cumin (Nigella sativa), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the agricultural year of 1401-1400 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah Province. Experimental treatments included foliar application of six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers: iron and boron (2 ppm), zinc and manganese (1.5 ppm), copper and molybdenum (1 ppm), at the early vegetative growth stage; foliar application of the same six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers at the early seed filling stage; and a control treatment (foliar application with water). In this experiment, traits related to plant growth characteristics, yield and yield components, physiological traits, biochemical traits, percentage of black cumin oil, and oil yield were measured.The results of variance analysis showed that the application of nano micronutrient fertilizers at the branching and seed filling stages separately had a significant effect on most traits (except for the number of seeds per plant and the maximum efficiency of photosystem II). A comparative analysis of the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers between the two stages of branching and seed filling showed significant differences in most traits (except for seed filling rate, stem height, plant dry weight, capsule weight ratio, catalase, and superoxide dismutase). Foliar application of nano iron fertilizer in the branching and seed filling stages (yielding 1679 and 1772 kg/ha, respectively) produced the highest seed yield compared to the control treatment (1414 kg/ha). Additionally, the highest oil yield was observed, firstly with the application of iron and zinc at the seed filling stage (640 and 606 kg/ha, respectively), and then at the branching stage (569 and 561 kg/ha, respectively). The highest response in morphological and physiological traits was initially achieved with iron application, followed by foliar application of zinc. Overall, the results of this experiment suggest that foliar application of nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers, especially iron and zinc, appears to be effective in enhancing both quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin.   

  This study was conducted to investigate the effects of planting date and application of chemical fertilizers and different amounts of seed application on yield and yield components of Kamlina oilseed plant in Razi University Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus Research Farm. The three-factor factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors include four planting dates (27 September, 15 October, 2 December and 20 March), different levels of fertilizer mixture (NPK) in proportions of nitrogen 18%, phosphorus 54% and potassium 27% in four levels of control (without fertilizer), 50 kg Per hectare, 100 kg / ha and 150 kg / ha, which were added to the soil at planting, and the third factor was three seed levels (40 kg / ha, 80 kg / ha and 120 kg / ha). The results of this study showed that the effect of planting date, seed content and fertilizer amount on plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were significant. The three opposite effects of planting date * seed amount * fertilizer amount on plant height and 1000-seed weight were significant. The results of comparing the mean of the data showed that the highest height of Kamelina plant was obtained on the 15rd of October with the application of 12 kg of seeds per hectare and also the application of 150 kg of NPK fertilizer per hectare at the rate of 91 cm. Also, on the 15rd of October, with the application of 150 kg / ha of NPK fertilizer, the highest number of sub-branches per plant was obtained as 10.77 sub-branches. Among all experimental treatments, the highest number of pods per plant was obtained in the treatment application of 12 kg / ha of camellina seeds and in the date of sowing on October 15, 281 pods per plant and in all four planting dates the application of NPK fertilizer increased to 150 kg / ha Caused more pods to form per plant. The application of 150 kg / ha of NPK fertilizer on the date of planting on 15 October caused the highest number of seeds per pod to be 16 seeds per pod. Among all the experimental treatments, the application of 150 kg of NPK fertilizer along with the application of 12 kg of seeds sown on the date of sowing on 15 October obtained the highest 1000-seed weight of 1.56 g. Increasing seed application per unit area led to increased grain yield in the plant Camellina and among all experimental treatments, the highest grain yield of 1381 kg was obtained on 15 Octobre with 150 kg / ha NPK fertilizer. Based on the results of this study, it was found that in order to achieve higher yield of camellia in Kermanshah region, 12 kg / ha of seeds and 150 kg of NPK fertilizer should be used and the planting date should be in the range of 15 October.

آگاهي از كيفيت خاك، لازمه بهره­برداري صحيح از اين منبع مهم طبيعي، در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است. كيفيت خاك با اندازه­گيري بعضي شاخص­هاي مهم تعيين مي­شود. اگر اين شاخص­ها در محدوده مناسب قرار داشته باشند، عملكرد محصول به حداكثر مقدار ­رسيده و تخريب خاك نيز كاهش مي­يابد. به منظور ارزيابي كيفيت فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد بيولوژيكي ذرت و گندم، مطالعه­اي در سال زراعي 98-1397 در بخشي از اراضي منطقه روانسر در استان كرمانشاه انجام شد. در اين راستا، در قالب يك شبكه منظم (ابعـاد 100 ×100 متر)، نمونه­ برداري خاك انجام و بعضي از ويژگي­هاي مهم فيزيكي موثر بر عملكرد محصولات زراعي از قبيل جرم مخصوص ظاهري، هدايت هيدروليكي، كربن آلي خاك، تخلخل غيرموئينگي و مقدار رطوبت قابل دسترس خاك تعيين گرديد. سپس، تغييرپذيري مكاني ويژگي­هاي خاك با استفاده از تكنيك­هاي زمين آمار و به كمك نرم افـزار ArcGIS انجام شد. در پايان فصول رشد نيز در هر نقطه نمونه­برداري، عملكرد بيولوژيكي دو محصول مورد نظر (ذرت و گندم) تعيين گرديد. شاخص رتبه­بندي فيزيكي خاك با حاصل­ضرب ارزش پنج پارامتر فيزيكي مورد بررسي تعيين و در نهايت، ارتباط عملكرد بيولوژيك با شاخص فيزيكي خاك مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. بررسي نقشه­هاي پهنه­بندي نشان داد كه تغييرات هدايت هيدروليكي اشباع بين 04/0 تا 69/1 سانتي متر بر ساعت و كربن­آلي بين 26/0 تا 35/1 درصد متغير بوده و در بخش شمال غربي مزرعه داراي بيشترين مقادير بودند. دامنه تغييرات جرم مخصوص ظاهري خاك نيز بين 34/1 تا 66/1 گرم بر سانتي متر مكعب، تخلخل غيرموئينگي بين 25/6 تا 92/19 درصد و رطوبت قابل دسترس نيز بين 29/6 تا 93/18 در­صد متغيير بود. ضرايب همبستگي بين شاخص فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد بيولوژيكي گندم و ذرت به ترتيب 82/0 و 77/0 بودند كه نشان­دهنده همبستگي قوي بين اين شاخص و عملكرد دو محصول در منطقه مورد مطالعه است. بطوركلي، شاخص فيزيكي خاك يك ابزار مهم در ارزيابي كمي شرايط فيزيكي خاك است كه با توجه به آن و بر اساس نقشه­هاي پهنه­بندي، مي­توان در راستاي بهبود كيفيت فيزيكي خاك در مزارع كشاورزي اقدام نمود.كليد واژه: ذرت ، زمين آمار ، كيفيت خاك، گندم

   آگاهي از وضعيت تغذيه­اي باغات ميوه به منظور افزايش كميت و كيفيت محصول يك امر ضروري و اجتناب­ناپذير است. همچنين، مديريت پايدار حاصلخيزي خاك يكي از مؤلفه­هاي مهم مديريت خاك در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است كه ارزيابي آن از طريق سنجش ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي امكان­پذير مي­باشد. اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي تأثير چالكودهاي تلفيقي مختلف از كودهاي آلي، شيميايي و زيستي بر رفع كلروز آهن در درختان هلو و شليل، تعادل عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه درختان تيمار شده و برخي ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك انجام گرفت. پيش از اعمال تيمارهاي چالكود، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متري به ‌صورت مركب از باغ مورد مطالعه تهيه و ويژگي­هاي شيميايي (pH، EC، ماده آلي و فسفر و پتاسيم فراهم) و زيستي (تنفس پايه، كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كسر متابوليك) آن­ها تعيين شدند. اين پژوهش به صورت آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب بلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي در 3 بلوك و 5 تيمار اجرا شد. اواسط اسفند 1398، تيمارهاي آزمايشي به صورت چالكود در يك سوم بيروني سايه­انداز درختان به اين صورت اعمال شدند: كود دامي كاملاً پوسيده (A)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين (B)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس (C)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (D)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (E). مقادير نيتروژن، فسفر، پتاسيم، آهن، منگنز، مس و روي در برگ و ميوه درختان در سال­هاي 1399 و 1400 و كلروفيل برگ در سال 1400 اندازه­گيري شدند. پس از برداشت ميوه­ها در تابستان 1400، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متر و از كنار محل چالكود با استفاده از اوگر برداشته شد. ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي در خاك­هاي تيمار شده، اندازه­گيري و با ويژگي­هاي خاك قبل از چالكود مقايسه شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه كمترين و بيشترين مقادير كلروفيل برگ و عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل به ترتيب در تيمارهاي A و E به دست آمدند. بر اساس آناليز واريانس كيت-نلسون، عملكرد 1/50 و 2/43 كيلوگرم در درخت به عنوان عملكرد بحراني براي تفكيك جامعه با عملكرد بالا (تيمارهاي D و E) از جامعه با عملكرد پايين (تيمارهاي A، B و C) به ترتيب در درختان هلو و شليل به دست آمد. آهن و فسفر، محدودكننده­ترين عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل در جامعه با عملكرد پايين بودند. همچنين، نتايج نشان داد كه pH خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به خاك شاهد كاهش يافت و كمترين مقدار pH مربوط به تيمار E بود. همچنين، با افزايش عمق، مقدار pH در خاك­هاي چالكود شده كاهش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه در خاك شاهد افزايش يافت. مقدار EC خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري بيشتر از خاك شاهد بود. با اين حال، افزايش EC در خاك­هاي تيمار شده به اندازه­اي نبود كه منجر به شوري خاك شود. اثر تيمارهاي چالكود بر افزايش مقدار ماده آلي خاك معني­دار بود. مقدار ماده آلي خاك در عمق 30-0 سانتي­متري، از 09/2 تا 23/2 درصد متغير بود كه بيشترين و كمترين مقدار آن به ترتيب براي خاك شاهد و تيمار E به دست آمد. دامنه اين پارامتر در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري، 90/2-69/1 درصد بود كه بر خلاف لايه اول، بيشترين مقدار در تيمار E و كمترين مقدار در خاك شاهد اندازه­گيري شد. مقدار فسفر فراهم خاك به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه بين مقادير اين پارامتر در خاك­هاي چالكود شده، تفاوت معني­داري وجود نداشت. مقدار پتاسيم فراهم در خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد و اين تفاوت در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري چشمگيرتر بود. تيمارهاي چالكود به طور معني­داري تنفس پايه، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي را نسبت به شاهد افزايش دادند، در حالي­كه اثر آن­ها بر كسر متابوليك معني­دار نبود. به طور كلي، مي­توان گفت كه مديريت تلفيقي چالكود در تيمار E، بيشترين تأثير را در بهبود كلروز آهن، تعادل تغذيه­اي درختان و كيفيت شيميايي و زيستي خاك داشت.

Yarrow is one of the most important herbal plants, which farmers can cultivate most properly by identifying the appropriate fertilizer level and the best cultivation time. To investigate the impact of cultivation time and manure on plant yield and nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in yarrow, an experiment was conducted with a split-plot randomized complete block design in three replications. The experiment factors included manure as the plot factor at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 tons per hectare) and cultivation time as the subplot factor (April 4, April 24, and May 14). The examined traits included the growth indicators, yield and yield components, absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. The results demonstrated increase in the leaf area indicator, product growth rate, relative growth rate, and aerial organ dry weight as manure level rose at all the three cultivation times. Moreover, the maximum values of all the above traits occurred at the manure level of 30 tons per hectare and the first cultivation time, while the minimum values occurred at the manure level of 0 tons per hectare and the third cultivation time. The application of manure exhibited significant effects at the probability level of one percent on the number of capitula per plant, number of grains per capitulum, plant height at harvest and flowering time, 1000-grain weight, plant fresh weight, grain yield, and number of flowering stems. An appropriate cultivation time lengthens the plant growth period, and that for yarrow was found to be the beginning of the growth season (April 4). At this cultivation time, better results were observed for all the yield components and reproductive traits. Furthermore, an increase in manure decreased the absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. Overall, application of 0-30 tons of manure per hectare and cultivation at the beginning of the season can contribute to great yield and efficient use of the examined herbal plant. Moreover, use of manure as an alternative for chemical fertilizers can properly raise yield and prevent their environmental harms. Keywords: extract, yield component, physiological trait, nitrogen absorption.      

   Abstract In order to investigate the interaction of smoked water, mycorrhizal fungus and rhizobium bacter on the agrophysiological characteristics of chickpea, an experiment as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, in 2021. The treatments included foliar application of smoked water (1 lit/ha) at two stages (vegetative and before flowering) and soil application of smoked water (2 and 4 lit/ha) along with no use of smoked water (control) as the main factors and the inoculation of micro-organisms (rhizobium, mycorrhiza, rhizobium+mycorrhiza and control) were as sub factors. In this research, the traits of plant height, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, number of nodules, root length, root diameter, fresh and dry weight of roots, relative water content of leaves, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-grains weight, harvest index, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR) and total dry weight (TDW) were measured. The results showed that the effect of smoked water on the characteristics of crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, number of root nodules, root diameter, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-grains weight were significant. The effect of biological fertilizers on the characteristics of root fresh weight, crop growth rate (CGR), total dry weight (TDW), relative leaf water content, plant height, number of nodules, root length, root diameter, root dry weight, seed yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight were significant. The interaction effect of smoked water × biological fertilizer was significant on leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR), total chlorophyll and carotenoids. The smoked water factor (1 lit/ha) at two growth stages (vegetative and the beginning of flowering) in terms of grain yield (547.8 kg/ha), biological yield (2122.4 kg/ha), the number of pods per plant (13.2), the number of seeds per plant (7.6), 100-grains weight (35.5 g), CGR (4.4 g.m-2.day-1) had the highest values. The soil used of smoked water (2 and 4 lit/ha) in terms of root diameter (4.7 mm) and height (38.9 cm) also took the highest values. The use of rhizobium with mycorrhiza in terms of grain weight (35.7 grams), CGR (1.3 g.m-2.day-1), TDW (111.23 g), LWR (5.12 g/g), grain yield (503.6 kg/ha), biological yield (1918.0 kg/ha), root length (20.4 cm), root diameter (4.7 mm), and inoculation of rhizobium with seeds chickpea and foliar spraying of smoked water (1 lit/ha) at two stages in terms of carotenoid (9.3 mg/g), SWR (2.48 g/g) and rhizobium inoculation alone in terms of the number of root nodules (31 nodules), root diameter (4.9 mm), height ( 40.25 cm) and mycorrhizal inoculation alone obtained the highest values in terms of root fresh weight (2.5 g), root dry weight (1.2 g), relative leaf water content (67.1 %). The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed a positive and high relationship between the 100-grains weight and the crop growth rate with the grain yield under the treatments of smoked water and biological fertilizers. Keywords:

با توجه به اينكه دود آب حاصل از سوختن بقاياي گياهي ضمن دارا بودن مواد غذايي مورد نياز گياه ، اخيرا در دسته تنظيم كننده هاي رشد قرار گرفته است و نتايج برخي پژوهش ها مويد افزايش كميت و كيفيت برخي محصولات پس از محلول پاشي با دود آب   شده است ،اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر محلول پاشي دود آب بر برخي خصوصيات اگرولوژيك كتان روغني در مزرعه پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي در سال زراعي 1399-1398 به صورت طرح بلوكهاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي در اين تحقيق عبارت از محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك ، دو و صفر(شاهد)   ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول و همچنين تيمارهاي تركيبي غلضت و زمان محلول پاشي مي باشد . نتايج حاصله از اين تحقيق نشان داد كه محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك و دو ليتر در هكتار بر عملكرد زيست توده ،عملكرد دانه ،عملكرد كلش ،تعداد دانه در كپسول، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه ،ارتفاع بوته ،عملكرد پروتيين ،درصد روغن دانه ،عملكرد روغن،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز ،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان كاتالاز ،   فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان سوپر اكسيد ديسوتاز ، پروتيين هاي محلول ، محتوي كلروفيل برگ ، محتوي كارتنوييدهاي برگ و درصد رطوبت دانه   معني دار بوده ولي بر صفات تعدادكپسول ، درصد پروتيين دانه و شاخص برداشت تاثير معني دار نداشته است . . بيشترين تاثير بر عملكرد دانه مربوط به   تيمار محلول پاشي دودآب با غلضت دو ليتر در هكتار و در زمان غنچه دهي و گلدهي كامل و تيمار محلول پاشي با غلضت يك ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول ها بود   كه به ترتيب سبب افزايش   56.4و52.9 درصد عملكرد شدند و كمترين عملكرد در تيمار شاهد مشاهده گرديد.. به طور كلي بيشترين اثر مثبت بر عملكرد دانه به ترتيب مربوط به كاربرد سه زمانه ،دوزمانه و يك زمانه محلول پاشي بود .  

  Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that may be detected in water and plants. Wheat, as a food consumed by 60% of the world's population, may absorb a large amount of cadmium through its roots and transfer cadmium to the branches and seeds, thus causing risks to human health. Biochar is known to protect plants against water salinity and heavy metal stress. Biochar can be an effective amendment that can immobilize heavy metals in water, reduce metal uptake by plants and increase crop yield. However, there are only limited studies on the application of biochar in this field. Uncertainty remains in the results because these studies have a wide range of biochar properties, environmental conditions, and study design parameters. To investigate the effectiveness of biochar under field conditions, this study reviewed 34 biochar field trials published before June 30, 2020. Cd mobility was analyzed in depth because most of the available data were on cadmium contamination. The results showed that in all studies, the addition of biochar to water led to an average decrease of 33 and 28% in the exchangeable fraction of cadmium in water and cadmium enrichment of plant tissues. Product yield increased by an average of 21%. The efficiency of biochar varies depending on water characteristics, biochar characteristics such as raw materials, biochar dosage and weather factors such as precipitation. It was found that rice straw or hardwood-derived biochar may be the best for Cd stabilization in water. Increasing the pH and OC of water due to the addition of biochar significantly reduced the mobility of cadmium in water. In the aerial part, including the stem, the water was contaminated with cadmium. Finally, in wheat that is irrigated with water containing cadmium, the accumulation of cadmium was higher than the control and its accumulation was higher in the root.Key words: biochar - cadmium - Sardari wheat - heavy metals - water

  كربن آلي خاك به دليل نقش مهمي كه بر ويژگي‌هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك مي گذارد، شاخص مهمي براي ارزيابي وضعيت حاصلخيزي خاك بوده و نيز ازشاخص‌هاي مهم تعيين كيفيت خاك بشمار مي‌رود. به طور كلي محتواي كربن آلي خاك تحت تأثير عواملي چون اقليممنطقه، پوشش گياهي، ويژگي‌هاي خاك، كاربري سرزمين، پستي و بلندي و نوع مديريت قراردارد. منطقه ماهيدشت از مهم­ترين پهنه­هاي كشاورزي در استانكرمانشاه و حتي باختر ايران است كه در حالت طبيعي از نظر مؤلفه‌هاي مربوط به پستيو بلندي (متغيرهاي توپوگرافيك چون ارتفاع، درصد، جهت، شكل شيب، و ...) از تغييراتچشمگير برخوردار است. از سوي ديگر در مناطق كشاورزي عمده مانند ماهيدشت، كاربري‌هايمتفاوت جنگل، مرتع و كشاورزي فارياب و ديم ديده مي‌‌شود كه بي‌گمان در پي چندين سده بهره‌برداري،بر ويژگي‌هاي خاك و از آن ميان كربن آلي اثر گذارده است. اين پژوهش براي بررسي كربن آليلايه رويين خاك در بخش گسترده‌اي از منطقه­يماهيدشت انجام شد. براي اين منظور با توجه به ويژگي‌هاي ريخت‌شناسيمنطقه و استفاده از نقشه متغيرهاي توپوگرافي، موقعيت 70 نقطه مشاهداتي با كاربستالگوريتم ابرمكعب لاتين مشروط (CLHS) در منطقه مورد مطالعه مشخص شد. با توجه به اهداف پژوهش، الگوي نقاط نمونه‌برداري به‌گونه‌اي طراحي شد كه زمين­چهرهايمختلف و زمين‌هاي كشاورزي آبي و ديم، مرتع و جنگل بلوط زاگرس را در برگيرد. تجزيه ويژگي‌هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي نمونه‌هامطابق روش‌هاي استاندارد انجام شد. پس از تحليل آماري داده‌ها، همبستگي كربن آليبا برخي از ويژگي­هاي خاك و همچنين شاخص­هاي پستي و بلندي بررسي شد و سپس تغييراتمكاني مقدار كربن آلي به روش زمين‌آمار مدل گرديد.بيشترين مقدار كربنآلي به­ترتيب در جنگل، مرتع و زمين­هاي كشاورزي با ميانگين 90/1، 72/1 و 18/1 درصدبود. بين مقدار كربن آلي با برخي از شاخص­هاي پستي و بلندي از جمله ارتفاع، شيب،شاخص تندي و درازي شيب، موقعيت نسبي شيب، ارتفاع از سطح شبكه آبراهه، فاصله تا شبكه آبراهه، ژرفايدره و شاخص ديد آسمان   همبستگي معني­داريداشت كه بيشترين همبستگي با شاخص ژرفاي دره (53= r) بود.در نقاط مرتفع و شيب­دار مقدار كربن آلي  بيشتر بود. الگوي تغيير مكاني كربن آلي  با محاسبه و برازش مدل كروي واريوگرام تجربي بررسي شد . وابستگي مكاني   كربن آلي در منطقه­يمطالعاتي متوسط بود. با توجه به نقشه­هاي كريجينگ معمولي،مقدار كربن آلي در كاربري جنگل و مرتع كه بيشتر در حاشيه­ي منطقه­ي مطالعاتي قراردارند، بالاتر و در قسمت­هاي مياني منطقه كه كاربري زمين­ها كشاورزياست،   پايين‌تر بود. بنابراين فعاليت­هايمختلف كشاورزي ازجمله استفاده   از ادواتكشاورزي سنگين براي عمليات شخم، سوزاندن  بقاياي گياهي و استفاده از كودهاي مختلف شيميايي نقش مهمي در كاهش مقداركربن آلي در زمين­هاي كشاورزي دارد.

This study was conducted to investigate theeffect of wheat straw treatment with fungi on chemical composition, cell walldigestibility and in vitro fermentation kinetics. Isolates of Trichodermafungi including T. koningiopsis, T. aeruginosum, T. atroviride, T.virens and T. koningi, thermophilic fungus Malbranchea cinamomea, Aschotrichaisolated from stone beds in Iran including A. funiculosa and A.chartarum as well as yeast Rodotorula toruloides were used.   autoclaved wheat straw inoculated with eachisolate and non-autoclaved straw and autoclaved straw (negative and positivecontrol, respectively) were kept for 30 days.chemical composition, digestibilityof dry matter, organic matter and cell wall components by in vitro method andrumen fermentation kinetics using gas production technique were determined. Inaddition, fungi from wheat straw samples of Kermanshah province were identifiedusing a taxonomic key. The content of organic matter, cell wall and cell wallcomponents of wheat straw was affected when treated with different fungi.Digestibility of organic matter of straw treated with Trichoderma andthermophilic fungi  increased and with ston fungi and yeast decreased. Anincrease in the digestibility of insoluble fibers in neutral detergent wasobserved with Trichoderma, thermophilic and stony fungi compared toautoclaved straw. Compared to non-autoclaved straw, autoclaved straw showed asignificant higher digestibility of organic matter and cell wall. Among thefungi used for treating straw, Trichoderma resulted in the highest increasein organic matter and cell wall digestibility. From samples of wheat strawcollected from different regions of Kermanshah province, including Qasr Shirin,Sarpol Zahab and Kermanshah cities, more than 100 fungal isolates wereobserved. Three fungi Alternaria, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Cladosporiumwere common among the straws collected from all regions. The results of thestudy showed that treating wheat straw with Trichoderma fungi,especially T. koningiopsis, improved the digestibility of organic matterand cell wall component  y affecting the chemical composition of wheatstraw.  

  Abstract:Aim:Seedling establishmentis one of the most important stages of crop cultivation.Using seeds with highvigor is a suitable way.From the past until now, the standard germination testis used as a primary test to determine the seed quality.But its result canrarely determine the seedling establishment in the field.If the farm conditionis far from the optimum, the obtained results in the laboratory and in thefield will show more difference.Today, to prevent this problem, seed vigortests are used.Studying the relationship between laboratory tests and seedlingestablishment in the field is one of the most important researches in the seedtechnology.The purpose of this study was to evaluate different seed vigor testsin the laboratory for oat varieties to predict the seedlings establishment inthe field and determine the most suitable test.Materials and methods:Inthis study, eight oat seed lots (belonging to four varieties new produced in2019 and old produced in 2012) were used.The research was conducted in thelaboratory and research farm of Razi University during 2019-21.In thelaboratory section, various seed vigor tests such as standard germination test,cold test, osmotic stress test, water imbibition test, electrical conductivitytest and accelerating aging test were performed on eight oat seed lots.In thefield section, the percentage and rate of seedling emergence were alsomeasured.Finally, the correlation among the results of the laboratory tests andthe field test were measured.Results:Oat seed lots weredifferent in terms of vigor.Among the seed lots, Qual and then Potoro varietieshad higher seed germination, seedling, vegetative and reproductive growth thanEuro and Tarahomara varieties.As the seeds aged, the amount of seed vigor decreasedsignificantly.Standard germination test, cold test, osmotic stress test,electrical conductivity test and water imbibition test were able to predict thepercentage and emergence of oat seedlings in the field.In the standardgermination test, the germination rate had the highest correlation with thepercentage and rate of seedling emergence in the field, but in the cold test,the highest correlation was obtained in the seedling vigor index of the normalseedlings.In the osmotic stress test, plumul length and seedling weight had thehighest correlation with the seedling emergence percentage; but radicle weightand seedling vigor index of the normal seedlings had the highest correlationwith the seedling emergence rate in the field.According to the correlationcoefficients in the electrical conductivity and the water imbibition tests,these tests were also able to predict the seed vigor in the field.Conclusion:Based on theresults of the experiment, the osmotic stress test and then the cold test are recommendedto determine the oat seed vigor and predict the seedling establishment in thefield.In other words, these tests have a high potential in separating strongand weak seeds.Keywords:Accelerated agingtest, cold test, electrical conductivity test, osmotic stress test, standardgermination test, water imbibition test.  

   According to the adverse effects of limiting the absorption of micronutrient such as iron, zinc and boron in most agricultural soils of Iran on the growth of agricultural plants, this research was conducted in order to compare the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, boron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of chickpea in rainfed condition in the research farm of Razi University in the crop year of 2018-2019. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The treatments examined in this research were: nano particles fertilizer of iron, zinc and boron in three concentrations (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter), their combined forms, common iron and zinc fertilizer treatment (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter) and the control treatment. With respect to the results, the effect of different groups of fertilizers as well as different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, zinc and boron on biomass yield, seed yield, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, number of lateral branches, activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase), the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were significant at the probability level of 1%. In relation to the weight of one hundred seeds and the number of seeds per plant, there was a difference between different groups as well as different concentrations of fertilizers at the five percent probability level. Among different groups of fertilizers, the triple group of iron, zinc and boron nanoparticles had the most positive effect on other agronomic and physiological traits. In this condition, the highest seed yield was 1196 kg/ha and the lowest seed yield was 814 kg/ha in the treatment of no fertilizer application (control). The effect of foliar spraying of common iron and zinc fertilizers was also significant in increasing most of the studied agricultural traits. The effect of common zinc fertilizer in increasing grain yield was greater than that of common iron fertilizer. Also, by examining the effect of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles on the increase of studied traits and yield, it was found that as the concentration of fertilizers increased, the amount of other agricultural traits also increased compared to the control treatment (no fertilizer application). The maximum grain yield was obtained in the conditions of triple application of nano-particle fertilizers at a concentration of 8 grams per liter at the rate of 1392 kg per hectare. In general, the most significant effect on the studied traits was related to triple, double and then separate application of micronutrient fertilizers respectively. According to the obtained results, application of 8 grams per liter of iron, zinc and boron in triple form (at the beginning of vegetative growth stages and flowering stages) in investigated area and similar areas, the yield of chickpeas in rainfed conditions will increase significantly.

به منظور بررسي اثرات نيتروژن و رژيم هاي آبياري بر عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيكي كينوارقم سانتاماريا، آزمايشي به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح پايه كاملاً تصادفي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي،دانشگاه رازي، در سال 1399 اجرا گرديد. فاكتورها شامل رژيم هاي آبياري )بدون تنش خشكي )در زمان 50 درصد7تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(، تنش ملايم )در زمان 65 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه( و تنش شديد خشكي)در زمان 80 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(( و مقادير نيتروژن )شاهد، ?? ، ??? ، ??? ، ??? و ???كيلوگرم در هكتا ر( از منبع اوره در چند نوبت بودند. اندازه گلدانها 50 × 50 × 50 سانتيمتر )طول، عرض و ارتفاع( واز جنس سيمان بودند. تاريخ كاشت 12 ارديبهشت و برداشت 9 مرداد بود. نتايج نشان داد كه عملكردهاي زيست تودهو دانه در شرايط بدون تنش و مصرف 200 كيلوگ رم در هكتار نيتروژن در بيشترين مقدار و در شرايط تنش شديد ومصرف 250 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن در كمترين مقدار بودند. ميزان كاهش عملكرد دانه در شرايط تنش ملايم درسطوح نيتروژن بين 1 / 80 - 9 / 32 درصد و در تنش شديد در سطوح نيتروژن در دامنه بين 9 / 87 – 0 / 73 درصد نسبتبه تيمار بدون تنش خشكي )شاهد( و 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن بودند. با افزايش تنش خشكي ساير صفات ازجمله وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ارتفاع بوته، محتواي نسبي آب برگ و آنتي اكسيدان سوپراكسيداز كاهش وليآنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز افزايش يافت. با افزايش نيتروژن محتواي نسبي آب برگ )تا 100 كيلوگرم در هكتار(،پراكسيداز و سوپراكسيداز و كاتالاز افزايش داشت. با افزايش نيتروژن، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b، كاروتنوئيدها، پروتئينهاي محلول، عملكرد كوانتومي و هدايت روزنه اي در شرايط بدون تنش خشكي افزايش ولي در شرايط تنش خشكي)ملايم و شديد( كاهش داشتند. در نهايت نتايج اين آزمايش نشان داد كه، اثر تنش خشكي بيشتر از اثر ميزان نيتروژنبر صفات مورد بررسي بود، بگونه اي كه در شرايط تنش خشكي ملايم و بخصوص شديد، مصرف نيتروژن چنداناهميتي نداشت.

   Today, due to over-exploitation of agricultural lands and feeding of crops by chemical fertilizers, regardless of organic fertilizers in soil nutrition, a situation has arisen in which our agricultural soils are among the poorest soils in terms of organic matter. This issue necessitates the use of green and livestock fertilizers in Iran's agricultural systems. Considering the importance of green manure plants as organic fertilizers, in order to investigate the growth characteristics and biomass production capacity of several species of green manures, A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted in 1397 in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah. Experimental factors included two factors (green manure including: 1. Iranian clover 2. lathyrus 3. vetch 4. rye 5. barley) and (planting time included: two dates of the last decade of November and the first decade of December). The results showed that planting date treatment had a significant effect on the five percent probability level on the percentage of green cover. Green manure treatment showed a significant effect on green cover percentage, dry weight, fresh weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate at the level of 1% probability. According to the results of comparing the means, in the planting date treatment, the highest percentage of green cover was related to the November planting treatment (83.4%) and the lowest green cover percentage was related to the December planting treatment (76.85%). In relation to green manure plant treatments, the highest percentage of green cover was related to rye and barley treatments (94.5% and 90.5%, respectively) and The lowest was allocated to lathyrus, vetch and Iranian clover treatments (with values of 75, 71.5 and 69.38%, respectively). The highest dry weight of single plant was assigned to barley and rye treatments (with values of 26.86 and 26.82 g, respectively), but there was no significant difference between these two plants in terms of dry weight of single plant. The lowest single plant dry weight among green manure treatments was related to lathyrus, Persian clover and vetch treatments (21.0625, 20.85 and 17.56 g, respectively). Also, the observations of this study showed that the highest leaf area index was related to rye and barley treatments (with values of 4.97 and 4.72, respectively) and also, the lowest was observed in the treatment of Iranian vetch and clover (with values of 2.856 and 3.141, respectively). In this experiment, the highest growth rate was related to rye and barley (with values of 1.38 and 1.37, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of growth rate. The lowest growth rate among green manure treatments belonged to lathyrus, clover and vetch treatments (with values of 1.1, 1.03 and 0.92, respectively). In this study, it was observed that the effect of cover plant cultivation date on the production of green cover of these plants is effective. Regarding the C/N ratio, considering that the highest green cover and growth rate and uptake were related to rye and barley treatment and the highest amount of this ratio was assigned to two plants of rye and barley green manure (32.67 and 33.113). As a result, it can be said that in terms of green manure with high green cover, the best options in the climate of Kermanshah in this study are rye and barley green manure. Given that the main purpose of this experiment was to find a suitable planting date as well as the best option among plants grown as green manure, It can be said that more green cover (83.4%) has been produced in the date of November cultivation and it can be a more suitable date for cultivating these green manure plants and finally controlling winter weeds.

Abstract An experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of planting date, density and cultivar on yield and yield components of quinoa in Razi University of Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Farm. The main plots in this experiment are planting dates at three levels including; March 20, April 20 and May 20, and the factors were density (40 and 60 plants per square meter) and three cultivars of quinoa (Titicaca, Redcarina and Q29). The results showed that in all three planting dates, the highest number of days to reach different phenological stages was obtained in Q29 genotype, so that the day to maturity for this cultivar was 151.33 days in the planting date. The height of the plant in the culture treatment on April 10 was higher than other planting dates by 102.47 cm. On the date of sowing on April 10, the weight of 1000 seeds in quinoa was 2.19 grams, which was significantly less than the date of sowing in May 20 and higher than the date of sowing in March. Seed yield in Titicaca cultivar and on planting on April 10 had higher grain yield (2297 kg / ha) than the other two cultivars. Also, quinoa plant at 60 plants / m2 had higher grain yield (1962.22 kg / ha) than 40 plants / m2 (1884.7 kg / ha). The highest biological yield of 5498 kg / ha was obtained in Titicaca cultivar on April 20. The biological yield of quinoa plant at a density of 60 plants per square meter (4578.2 kg / ha) was higher than the density of 40 plants per square meter (4233.5 kg / ha). At a density of 40 plants per square meter and planting of quinoa on March 11, the highest harvest index was 48.28%. Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended for Kermanshah region to obtain maximum quinoa seed yield that Titicaca cultivar is planted at a density of 60 plants per square meter on April 20.   

  

   Abstract Knowledge of phenology and ecology as well as weed germination characteristics play an essential role in designing effective policies for their management in agricultural fields. Musk weeds of Vicia genus are the predominant species in rainfed fields in Iran. In order to evaluate the plant growth phenology and germination ecology of Caspian vetch and broadleaf vetch as important and predominant weeds in dryland wheat and chickpea fields, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years 2019-2020 in rainfed farms located in Kozran section of Kermanshah province were implemented. The farm where the study was conducted had a history of high infestation with both species of vetch. Previous experiments have shown that the emergence of these two species began in early February and continues alternately until April in the fields. Three peaks of emergence of both species in the three months that were the window of emergence of these two species, namely February, March and April of each year were selected and in each peak 15 plants to measure morphological traits and different phenological stages until the end of the growing season in fallow. Crop and other weeds were kept away from competition. Also, the percentage of seed germination of both species and their response to various factors of dormancy breaking were investigated. The results of this study showed that seeds were dormant after harvest and dormancy required a after ripening, so that with increasing number of weeks after harvest, germination percentage reached 40%, but never increased in the fourteenth week after harvest. The results of differentseed dormancy-breaking treatments in both species showed that the germination percentage with mechanical scraping by sandpaper had the highest performance. The results obtained in the morphological section showed that the studied traits including 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and ratio of pods to flowers in both species had almost the same trend and plants established in February compared to post-establishment They were always superior. Calendar onset and degree of day-cumulative growth of each phenological stage also differed between establishment dates and crop years and its effect on height, number of leaves, number of pods and lateral stems produced in both species was significant. The establishment of Februry in May indicated more power and competition with the crop, and as a result, more damage to it. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be suggested to control and manage earlier settlements of these two weeds, which have competitive power and consequently higher damage to crops in their field control management program and that later established plants can not compete. Hardiness in the rainfed fields of the region. From a practical point of view, it is better to plant the crop later so that we do not face stronger plants of these weeds to compete with the crop. Keywords: after-ripening, dormancy breaking, sub-Branch

لازم به ذكر است كه علاوه بر باكتري­ها، قارچ­ها و مخمر ها نيز داراي توانايي متابوليك استفاده از كربن موجود در تركيبات هيدروكربني براي سنتز سلولي خود مي­باشند. در واقع متوسط ميزان تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي به وسيله قارچ­ها مي­تواند از باكتري­ها بيشتر باشد. در اين بررسي به منظور بررسي اثر برهم­كنش باكتري و مخمر در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام چهار سويه باكتري كه داراي بيشترين توان رشد و تحمل در محيط­هاي آلوده به هيدروكربن نفتي بودند، از كلكسيون ميكروب­هاي آزمايشگاه بيولوژي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي استان كرمانشاه به دست آمد، كه قبلا كارايي آن­ها در حذف آلاينده­هاي نفتي اثبات شده بود، سويه هاي باكتري شامل Bacillus.thuringiensis،   taphylococcus.gallinarum،Arthrobacter.citreus و   aenarthrobacter.nitroguajacolisبود. هم­چنين باتوجه به مطالعات قبلي و توانايي مخمر Candida.catenulata در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي اين گونه مخمر از دانشكده نفت و پتروشيمي دانشگاه رازي تهيه و جز تيمارهاي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. توئين 80 به ميزان 10 درصد نفت خام، به عنوان سورفكتانت استفاده شد. آزمايش­هاي تجزيه زيستي در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام به عنوان تنها منبع كربن و با در نظر گرفتن فاكتورهاي باكتري و مخمر و سورفكتانت در دو بازه زماني 7 و 14 روز انجام شد. در مرحله اول آزمايش ابتدا توانايي تجزيه زيستي نفت خام توسط كشت خالص سويه­هاي باكتري و مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا در مدت زمان 7 و 14 روز مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.   نتايج حاصل از تجزيه زيستي نشان داد هركدام از جدايه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر كاتنولاتا قادر به حذف به ترتيب 21 ، 48، 53 ، 35   و 65 درصد نفت خام در مدت زمان 7 روز بوده­اند. براي بررســي تأثيــر ســورفكتانت در تجزيــه نفت خام از بيوســورفكتانت توئين80 (1/0%)استفاده شد كه به طور متوسط عملكرد جدايه­هاي باكتري را 10% افزايش داد.   به منظور بررسي اثر بر هم كنش باكتري-مخمردر محيط كشت، تلقيح همزمان هركدام از سويه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر در محيط كشت انجام شد. مقدار تجزيه نفت خام در محيط حاوي كنسرسيوم­هاي ميكروبي   برابر با 55،58،72 و 64 بود كه به ترتيب   متعلق به كنسرسيوم هاي + C.catenulata B.thuringiensis،   S.gallinarum+C.catenulata،A.citreus + C.catenulata   و   P.nitroguajacolis+ C.catenulataبود. بيشترين مقدار حذف هيدروكربن در محيط مربوط به تلقيح همزمان همه چهار جدايه باكتريايي و مخمر در حضور سورفكتانت بود كه برابر با 95 درصد در مدت زمان 7 روز بوداين نتايج نشان داد زمان بهينه براي تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام برابر با 7 روز است و استفاده از كنسرسيوم هاي ميكروبي نسبت به كشت خالص آن­ها عملكرد بهتري در تجزيه نفت خام دارد. كليدواژه: آلاينده­هاي نفتي، باكتري، نفت شهر، هيدروكربن، مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا

چكيده هدف: به منظور بررسي اثر كودهاي سرك نيتروژن و گوگرد بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي كلزا (.Brassica napus L)   آزمايشي به صورت مزرعه‌اي در سال زراعي   1397-1396   در شهرستان كنگاور، استان كرمانشاه   انجام شد. روش‏شناسي پژوهش: آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل با دو عامل كود نيتروژن و گوگرد در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل كود نيتروژن از منبع اوره در سه سطح   (60، 120 و 180 كيلوگرم در هكتار) و كود گوگرد از منبع سولفات آمونيوم در چهار سطح (صفر، 25 ،50 و 75 كيلوگرم) بودند. اعمال تيمارهاي آزمايشي در دو مرحله قبل از شروع ساقه دهي و غنچه‌دهي كلزا صورت گرفت. يافته‌ها: نتايج آزمايش نشان داد كه صفات كمي و كيفي كلزا   شامل ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشك و سطح برگ، عملكرد دانه، عملكرد بيولوژيك، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص SPAD، كارايي فتوسيستم II، درصد نيتروژن شاخساره، درصد نيتروژن دانه، محتواي فيبر دانه و درصد اسيدهاي چرب اشباع بصورت معني‌داري تحت تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي قرار گرفتند. با اين حال تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر صفات وزن خشك ساقه، محتواي اسيدهاي چرب غيراشباع، ميزان كلروفيل‌هاي a و b، كاروتنوئيد و پروتئين‌هاي محلول معني‌دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين برهمكنش تيمارها نشان داد بيشترين عملكرد دانه، عملكرد بيولوژيك، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشك   و سطح برگ، محتواي اسيد چرب اشباع، محتواي نيتروژن دانه، محتواي نيتروژن شاخساره، حداكثر كارايي فتوسيستم II   و درصد فيبر دانه در سطح سوم كود نيتروژن و گوگرد (180 كيلوگرم نيتروژن   و 75 كيلوگرم گوگرد) مشاهده شد. برهمكنش تيمارها بر شاخص SPAD و درصد روغن دانه معني‌دار نبود. اما شاخص SPAD تنها تحت تاثير كود نيتروژن قرار گرفت بطوري كه بيشترين ميزان اين شاخص با مصرف 180 كيلوگرم اوره در هكتار مشاهده شد. اثرات ساده تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر درصد روغن دانه معني‌دار بود و در بين سطوح كود نيتروژن بيشترين درصد روغن دانه با مصرف 180 كيلوگرم اوره در هكتار و در بين سطوح كود گوگرد بيشترين درصد روغن   دانه با مصرف   75 كيلوگرم سولفات آمونيوم در هكتار مشاهده شد.

Correct identification and proper management of soil resources to efficiency principles, goals and programs for providing agricultural areas of the country, is very important. The main factor in agriculture as soil quality has a key role and elderly. Recognizing soil physical properties can be properly managed in order to exploit the right of the soil, and this is not possible unless the impact of soil properties and quality on the crops is recognized. In this regard, in the cropping year of 2018, a study was conducted in Bilavar- Kermanshah Province as a Spatial variation of soil physical quality in a farm Rapeseed, with the aim of investigating the effect of soil physical properties on rapeseed yield. For this purpose, physical properties (soil texture, bulk density, electrical conductivity, moisture content and porosity) and chemical properties (organic matter, EC, pH and percent of lime) of soil were determined Then, according to the geographical location of the sampling points on the map and to determine their geographic locations using GPS on the ground, using the ArcGIS maps, soil characteristics were drawn. Finally, after harvest, the relationship between Rapeseed yield and soil physical index was investigated. The results showed that the values of bulk density ranged from 1.24 to 1.65 g / cm3 in the field, which is related to the amount of clay and sand. The porosity was between 42 and 53% and was correlated with the bulk density. Saturation was between 32.1% to 53.3% and compare zoning maps with maps of the spatial variation of moisture content soil bulk density showed that the highest percentage of saturated water content located in areas with the lowest bulk density. Saturated hydraulic conductivity range was between 0.27 and 0.33 cm/h, which is classified in the class of soils with low saturated hydraulic conductivity. The highest amount of organic carbon is located in the northern part of the field and the soil of the region with 0.7% to 1.27% of organic carbon is classified in the class of soils with low organic carbon. Physical indicators of the health of the soil, there was good correlation with Rapeseed yield and the correlation coefficient in the surface soil was 0.68. Overall, the physical index of soil health can be used to determine the yield potential of crops.  

حبوبات پس از غلات، دومين منبع غذايي بشر به شمار مي­روند. نخود Cicer arietinum L. در ميان بقولات رتبه­ي سوم را در جهان دارد و مهم­ترين آن­ها در ايران است. در خاك­هاي قليايي به دليل تثبيت شدن اكثر عناصر ريزمغذي، جذب آنها توسط ريشه­هاي گياهان كاهش مي­يابد. در اين شرايط محلول­پاشي عناصر ريزمغذي جذب آنها را توسط گياه بهبود مي­دهد. اين تحقيق در همين راستا در سال زراعي 98-1397 در مزرعه­اي واقع در دهستان سراب‌نيلوفر در فاصله­ي حدود 20 كيلومتري شمال غربي شهر كرمانشاه، به­ صورت دو آزمايش مجزا و به صورت طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمار مورد بررسي محلول‌پاشي جهار نوع كود شامل: 1) سولفات روي، 2) سولفات مس، 3) اسيد بوريك و 4) فروت‌ست هر كدام در سه سطح   2، 4 و 8 در هزار و شاهد (عدم محلول­پاشي كود) بودند. در آزمايش اول محلول­پاشي شروع گلدهي و در آزمايش دوم در ابتداي غلاف­دهي انجام شد. در اين بررسي صفت­هاي عملكرد دانه، عملكرد پروتئين، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعداد دانه در بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد غلاف پر در بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در بوته، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه‌هاي جانبي، درصد پروتئين، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد اقتصادي، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد زيست­توده، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد اقتصادي، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد كاه، راندمان اقتصادي مصرف آب و سود خالص مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در هر دو مرحله (ابتداي گلدهي و ابتداي غلاف­دهي) حاكي از معني­دار بودن اثر مثبت و معني­دار سطوح مختلف محلول­پاشي بر تمام صفات مورد ارزيابي (به­جز سود خالص در ابتداي غلاف­دهي) در سطح احتمال يك درصد بود. بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين­ها در دوره­ي گلدهي، بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمارهاي 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 4544 كيلوگرم در هكتار، 2 در هزار بور با 4505 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 8 در هزار بور با 4319 كيلوگرم در هكتار و به ­ترتيب با 59، 58 و 51 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد با 2853 كيلوگرم در هكتار به دست آمد. بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي غلاف‌دهي در سطوح 8 در هزار فروت­ست با 5867 كيلوگرم در هكتار)، 2 در هزار بور با 5744 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 5302 كيلوگرم در هكتار به ­ترتيب با 106، 101 و 86 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد به دست آمد. به­طور كلي بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين گروهي فروت­ست و بور در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي گلدهي و فروت­ست و مس در ابتداي غلاف­دهي بهترين گروه­ها از نظر بهبود عملكرد دانه بودند. بنابراين در شرايط محيطي مشابه، به دليل كسب حداكثر مقدار عملكرد و صفات مرتبط با آن، نسبت به ساير سطوح كودي قابل توصيه است.   

  In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers, iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron and copper at different stages of development including: initial vegetative growth (vn), flowering time (R1) and pod time (R4) on agronomic characteristics , Physiological and morphological characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in field conditions, an experiment was carried out in the 98-97 crop year in Kangavar city as a split plot with a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three developmental stages of initial vegetative growth = A1, flowering stage = A2 and pod stage = A3 and foliar application of micronutrients in seven levels including: iron fertilizers one and a half per thousand = B1, manganese one and a half per thousand = B2, One and a half per thousand = B3, molybdenum per thousand = B4, copper one per thousand = B5, boron two per thousand = B6 and water spraying control = B7 as sub-factors. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of means showed that foliar application of iron and manganese nanofertilizers at the time of branching on significant traits such as grain yield, biological yield, number of grains per pod, leaf area index, grain protein were significant. Also, application of iron (1577 kg / ha), zinc (1549 kg / ha) and molybdenum (1553 kg / ha) fertilizers on grain yield had the highest values. The micronutrient fertilizer factor was significant on traits such as superoxide dismutase, leaf soluble protein, and grain protein, and the foliar application time factor was significant on the trait of peroxidase superoxide dismutase.

  Chromium, as an unnecessary and toxic element in high concentrations, causes stress in plants and thus affects physiological and biochemical processes. The use of organic acids externally in stressful plants can increase growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of chromium and organic acids malic and citric on the physiological and biochemical properties of hyperaccumulator plant, Isatis cappadocica. For this purpose, an experiment was designed in the form of a randomized factorial design with zero, 50, 150 and 450 ?M chromium concentrations and 250 ?M concentrations of malic and citric organic acids in hydroponic culture conditions. After the treatment period, samples were taken and growth parameters, plant pigment content, hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant enzymes, total protein, proline as well as the concentration of chromium, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were measured in them. The results showed that increasing chromium treatment levels reduced growth parameters, photosynthetic pigmentation and also decreased uptake of potassium, calcium and phosphorus elements in the plant, but the content of hydrogen peroxide, soluble protein, proline, antioxidant enzyme activity and chromium uptake. And sodium increased under the influence of increased chromium concentration in the culture medium. On the other hand, malic and citric organic acids, by having a positive effect on the growth and absorption of plant elements, as well as increasing the antioxidant defense of the plant, increased the plant's resistance to stress caused by chromium toxicity in Isatis cappadocica. The most important effects of malic acid against chromium are increased root weight (150 micromolar chromium treatment) and 85% chromium peroxidase enzyme activity (50 micromolar treatment), reduced air chromium concentration (150 micromolar treatment). Chromium (53%), decreased sodium concentration in most treatments, 2-fold increase in root potassium concentration (150 micromolar chromium treatment), decreased calcium concentration as well as increased aerial phosphorus concentration (150 ?M chromium treatment) and plant root (50 ?M chromium treatment) 5 and 5.3 times, respectively, compared to the absence of malic acid. Citric acid, in contrast to chromium, increases the activity of glutathione S-transferase root (50 and 150 ?M chromium treatments) by 97 and 67%, reduces the concentration of heavy metal chromium in the aerial part of the plant (50 ?m chromolar treatment) by 50%, 2-fold increase in the concentration of sodium in the aerial part, 50% increase in the concentration of root potassium (treatment of 150 micrograms of chromium), 61% decrease in the concentration of calcium in the roots (treatment of 50 micrograms of chromium), increase in the concentration of phosphorus in the aerial part (treatment of 150 micrograms) (50 micromolar chromium), respectively, 5 and 4.8 times the absence of citric acid, respectively. In addition, the highest incremental effect of malic and citric organic acids on the parameters measured in the absence of chromium was observed on the concentration of root phosphorus and 13 and 18 times the control, respectively. Therefore, it seems that malic and citric organic acids, by influencing the growth and resistance parameters of Isatis cappadocica plant, played a key role in reducing the stress effects caused by 50 and 150 ?M chromium concentrations.

  AbstractStresses are an important factor in reducing crop production and water-deficient is one of the most important stresses. Camelina sativa L. as oilseed plants belongs to Brassicaceae family has many properties and applications in industry, pharmaceutical sciences, human and livestock nutrition and cosmetic industries. This plant is more favoured than other oilseeds due to its benefits such as low water requirement, low inputs and adaptation to stresses such as cold, drought and pests. The present study was conducted to evaluate the water deficit tolerance of six genotypes of camelina in 2018-19 in terms of some traits in tissue culture and greenhouse experiments. Analysis of variance in greenhouse studies in a randomized complete block design showed significant differences between studied genotypes as well as stress levels for plant height, root length, root weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. Mean comparison results showed that Soheil cultivar had the highest grain yield (3.03g). In the callus induction and cotyledon culture of six genotypes experiment, the effects of four levels of water deficit including 0, 20, 10 and 30% PEG6000 were investigated based on completely randomized design. The variables of callus growth rate, relative callus growth rate and relative callus water content under stress conditions were also studied. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the camelina genotypes in studied traits (under stress conditions) and between different stresses. In plant tissue culture experiment, Soheil cultivar due to its higher relative water content (8.32%) and relative growth rate of callus (4.29%), among other genotypes it was identified as a high tolerance cultivar to water deficit. So, the Soheil cultivar is reported as the least susceptible to water deficit in greenhouse and callus induction studies.

Aegilops Tauschii, Hyper accumulation, copper

QWASEDRFTGG

   Arsenic as a semi metalloid and chemical pollution contaminate which absorbed by plants and entering the food chain. Therefore As poisoning events of the human being and livestock occur frequently. As has been shown to cause many morphological, physiological, biochemical and structural changes in growing plants. Meanwhile, some plant species can grow in arsenic contaminated soil and they are able to reduce arsenic toxicity by applying two mechanism including avoidance and tolerance. Nowadays, phytoremediation as a new and friendly environmental technique employs the use of plants to remediate contaminated soil. Previous studies showed that Isatis cappadocica is a arsenic hyperaccumulator plant. Seed of this hyperaccumulator species were collected frome arsenic contaminated area (zarshuran, West Azerbaijan, Iran). Accordingly, we conducted thise study to compare the interaction of arsenat, arsenite and silicon on some physiological and biochemical parameters of Isatis to better understanding the mechanisms applied for resistance of Isatis cappadocica. Therfore, the plants were grown for 6 weeks in a medium, embedded with combinations of 0, 5, 25, 125 & 625 ?M arsenat, 0, 5, 25, 125 & 625 ?M arsenit and 1 and 2 mM silicon respectively. The physiological and biochemical parameters and the arsenic and silicon concentration of harvested plants were measured. The results of arsenate and arsenite treatments on growth parameters showed that higher levels of both types of arsenic resulted in decreased growth parameters and the effect of this growth decline, especially on the biomass of the plant was observed. The decreasing of these parameters was significant for arsenite treatments, while for plants under arsenate treatments it was not significant at most levels, that indicates high resistance of I. cappadocica to arsenate. In general, the results of this study showed that in spite of high plant resistance to both types of arsenic in different treatments, 650 ?M treatment had a toxic effect on plant growth, which was more pronounced in arsenite treatments and caused the plant to die. The highest concentration of arsenic was obtained in plants treated with 625 ?M As. Increased levels of phosphate in the nutrient solution caused a significant reduction in arsenic concentration. Increasing arsenic concentration in the medium lead to increase of proteins, proline, hydrogen ­peroxide and the most antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, flavonoids and anthocyanins content. The increase of these parameters was significant for arsenite treatments. Increasing the concentration of arsenate and arsenite leads to a decrease in the absorption of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus by the plant, with the use of silicon, this reduction process is relatively improved. Furthermore the overall increase in arsenat, arsenite and silicon treatments lead to activation of antioxidant enzymes. High efficient antioxidant system and enhancement of compatible solutes are mechanisms which prevent oxidative damage and improve I. cappadocica against arsenic toxicity.    Keywords: Arsenate, Arsenite, Silicon, Isatis cappadocica, Hyperaccumulator      

  oil as a part of the biosphere plays an important role in food production and environmental sustainability. Environmental and soil pollution to petroleum compounds is one of the problems facing developing and industrialized countries. Today, extraction, transfer, refinement, leakage of oil from pipes during displacement, bursting of tubes and oil wells, industrial waste water distillation and chemical industry into water and soil, the world with Has a serious threat. In oil producing countries such as Iran, about 4 million barrels of oil per day are produced, these problems are more serious. The same goes for the necessity of applying effective methods to clean up pollution, but it is inevitable that it is environmentally friendly and suitable for every area. The dispossessing of waste products from oil wells in Kermanshah oilfield region has contaminated the soils around these wells. In recent years, a lot of efforts have been made to eliminate the pollution of oil compounds from the soil. In this study, four plant species were used as petroleum refineries to improve the contaminated lands of oil compounds. Festuca, flax, cantaloupe and perry plants were selected for planting. Plant morphological traits and percentage of oil pollution reduction at different levels of low, moderate, high and very high contamination were investigated (2, 4, 6 and 8 wt% respectively). After the end of vegetative period, the morphological traits of plants were measured. The rhizosphere soil of each plant was collected to determine the amount of remaining oil compounds by Soxhlet apparatus. Data analysis and drawing of charts were done with SAS software versions 9.1 and Excel, respectively.  Laboratory analysis of soils showed that soil samples had 4% high salinity and sodium contamination, which had a negative effect on plant productivity. The presence of oil hydrocarbons in the soil decreases the growth and yield of aerial parts of root and root in all plant treatments compared to the control treatment. Reduction of germination and growth along with increasing concentrations of petroleum compounds. No plant was grown in the concentration of pollution of 8% by weight. The highest rate of contamination reduction was observed in the rhizosphere of festuca and flax in the level of six percent contamination, which decreased by about 66.43 and 55.38%, respectively. According to the results of this study, Festokha plant is recommended for planting of polluted soils in the studied area, although additional studies are needed to find better plant deployment strategies and increase plant productivity.

study of Intraction between Selenium and sulfur on physyologcal  responses, Micro and Macro Nutreinte density and Arsenic Acumulation in Isatis Cappadocica. 

  چكيدهآلودگي محيط زيست نتيجه فعاليت هاي صنعتي اجتماعات بشري است. يكي از آلاينده هاي مهم خاك فلزات سنگين بوده كه در سال هاي اخير به شدت مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. روش هاي مختلفي براي مقابله با آلودگي فلزات سنگين به كار گرفته شده كه از آن جمله مي توان به تثبيت فلزت توسط بيوجار اشاره كرد. اين تحقيق با كاشت گياه ماش و به صورت طرح فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك هاي تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمارها شامل بيوچار چوب آفتابگردان در سه سطح (صفر، 1 و 3 درصد)، سرب در سه سطح غلظت (صفر،100 و200   ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم خاك) و كادميوم در سه سطح غلظت (صفر، 10و 20 ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم خاك) بودند. نتايج نشان داد كه افزايش سطوح كادميوم و سرب موجب كاهش عومل رشد در گياه ماش شد، در حالي­كه كاربرد بايوچار ضمن كاهش اثرات سوء كادميوم و سرب، باعث افزايش رشد گياه ماش گرديد. اثر سطوح بيوچار بر پارامتر هاي وزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد گره، تعداد شاخه هاي جانبي، تعداد گره فعال، ارتفاع ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشك ريشه، سطح ريشه،   حجم ريشه، طول ريشه، هدايت الكتريكي (EC) خاك،pH   خاك،كربن آلي خاك و غلظت سرب و پرولين در سطح يك درصد معني دار شد. تاثير سطوح مختلف سرب و كادميوم نيز بروزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد كل گره و تعداد گره فعال، ارتفاع ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشك ريشه، سطح ريشه، حجم ريشه، طول ريشه، مقدار پرولين و غلظت سرب و كادميوم در گياه ماش در سطح يك درصد و برتعداد گره غير فعال؛ هدايت الكتريكي و pH   خاك در سطح 5 درصد معني دار بود. اثر متقابل سطوح مختلف بيوچار و هر دو فلز سنگين بر وزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد گره، تعداد گره فعال، قطر ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، حجم ريشه، هدايت الكتريكي خاك، غلظت پرولين و سرب اندام هوايي گياه ماش در سطح يك درصدمعني دار بوده و بر تعداد برگ، در سطح 5 درصد، اما بر تعداد گره غير فعال، ارتفاع و سطح برگ، سطح و طول ريشه،كربن آلي ، pH   خاك و غلظت كادميوم اندام هوايي تاثير معني داري نداشت. بطوركلي مي توان گفت كه استفاده از بيوچار، با توجه به طرفيت بالاي آن براي جذب و تثبيت سرب و كادميوم، مي­تواند به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب و ارزان در جهت كاهش آلودگي خاك و محيط زيست از اين فلزات باشد.واژگان كليدي: بيوچار، كادميوم، سرب، ماش.

  In Iran, due to arid and semi-arid areas, lentil cultivation is mainly rainfed and in this areas, lentil grain yield is much lower than in the world. The main cause for loss of grain yield in these areas is drought stress at the end of plant growth period. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) exploit several mechanisms such as improving nutrient solubility and uptake as well as modulating plant growth hormones to stimulate plant growth and helping them to absorb more water and nutrient under drought stress condition. Therefore, in this study, the effects of different strains of PGPRs on yield quality and quantity and growth characteristics of three lentil cultivars in dryland conditions were evaluated. This research was conduct in research farm of campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University in 2015-2016. Two separate studies was conducted in greenhouse and farm in factorial experiment. In both studies, the first factor was cultivar in three levels (landrace of Kermanshah, Bilesavar, Kimia) and second factor was PGPRs. PGPRs in greenhouse experiment had 10 levels include: B12, B40, E10, E3, P6, D4, D1, B19 and D3. After running of greenhouse experiment top 6 strains of bacteria include: Acromobacter sp.،Bacillus sp. ،Bacillus licheniformis ،Pseudomonas putida، Bacillus cereus، Bacillus megaterium were used in farm. With respect to the results, the effect of PGPR treatment on grain yield, biomass yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grains in pod and stem height was significant. Treated plants with Bacillus licheniformis had the highest grain yield and treated plants with Pseudomonas putida had the highest biomass yield. The cultivars had significant differences in grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, number of empty pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of branches, number of sub branches. Among the lentil cultivars, the Kimia cultivar had the highest and the Kermanshah landrace had the lowest grain yield. The Kimia cultivar was superior to the Bilesavar cultivar and the Kermanshah landrace cultivar in terms of biomass yield, harvest index, 1000 grain weight and plant height. Interaction between cultivars and PGPRs had significant effect on number of grains per plant, number of pod per plant, number of full pod per plant, percentage of stem protein, percentage of grain protein, protein yield, thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity. Acromobacter sp. and Pseudomonas putida strains had the highest effect on number of grain per plant, number of pod per plant and number of full pod per plant. Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis strains had the highest effect on protein percentage of grain and protein yield, respectively. Furthermore, Pseudomonas putida had the highest effect on thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity of lentil cultivars. With respect to the results, application of different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is promising method to increase the grain yield of lentils cultivars in rainfed areas.

    Seed deterioration is one of the factors reducing seed vigor and germination.Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the seed priming ability with some plant growth regulators to prevent or improve flax seed deterioration in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University.This experiment was conducted in two separate sections to study the possibility of prevention and improvement of seed deterioration.In the first section, the seeds were first primed with hormones and then were deteriorated.In the second section, the seeds were first deteriorated and then were primed with hormones.For testing of each hormone, three factors including seed deterioration (on three levels: no deterioration, mild and severe deterioration), priming with hormone (in four concentrations) and two flax varieties (Indian and Hungarian) were considered.Hormones include: salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, cytokinin, gibberellin and auxin.Hydropriming experiment included three levels of seed deterioration, two flax cultivars and two seed priming levels (without and with hydropriming).The evaluated traits included the percentage of germination, germination rate, mean time to germination,mean daily germination, normal seedlings, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, length and weight seedling vigor indices.The results showed that the Indian cultivar had superiority in both of the section of improvement and prevention to seed deterioration than the Hungarian cultivar.This superiority, however, was not significant in some traits.With increasing seed deterioration, a decrease was observed in germination characteristics.The results showed that seed priming withauxin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 and gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 preventedto seed deterioration.Other treatments did not have significant effects on prevention of seed deterioration.Seed priming with gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg.L-1 and salicylic acid at concentration of 50 mgL-1 improved the germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.In general, seed priming with auxinorgibberellinto prevent and with gibberellin or salicylic acid to improvement of flax seed deterioration can be used

  In order to investigate the effect of seed priming and inoculation with plant growth promoting bacterias on the quality and quantity of two flax cultivars in control and drought stress conditions after flowering in 2015-2016, an experiment was conducted in organic field research of Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. In this order, two factorial experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The first experiment was conducted under control condition and second experiment under post anthesis drought stress condition. In both experiments, 1) two cultivars (Indian and Hungarian) and 2) seed pre-treatment factor in eight levels include: five seed bacteria innoculations (Bacillus sp, Bacillus megatrium, Bacillus amyloliquefaiens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas geniculata) and two levels of seed priming (Hydropriming, KNO3) and control treatment were evaluated. Based on results, in this experiment, in control treatment, Hungarian cultivar had same grain yield and more biological yield than Indian cultivar. The results also showed that post anthesis drought stress until maturity caused significant reduction in grain yield (44%), biological yield (46%), number of pod per plant, number of grain per plant, thousands grain weight, number of empty pod per plant, plant height, number of main branches, number of subsidiary branches, stem protein percentage, seed oil percentage, protein and oil yield, GDD and CGR and significant increase of seed protein percentage (17%). The use of pretreatments (seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias) under post anthesis drought stress not only caused increase in grain yield and all related traits and reducing the effects of post anthesis drought stress, but also in non post anthesis drought stress treatment, also seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias resulted in better results than control treatment. Bacillus megatrium and Bacillus amyloliqueufaciens had the best effect on evaluated traits. This finding, while preliminary, suggests that, it seems that use of appropriate strains of plant growth promoting bacterias is one of the suitable strategies for increasing the productivity of crops under drought stress conditions.Key words: Flax, growth promoting bacterias, Priming, Drought stress.  

  Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world that has an inhibitory effect on plant growth and yield. In this regard, growth regulators such as salicylic acid play a vital role during the growth and development stages of plants, and therefore their proper application can improve plant yield and increase plant resistance in coping with drought stress. Adding superabsorbent polymers to the soil also acts as a reservoir for water storage and thus, when they are added to the soil, they absorb irrigation water and prevent it from subsiding. This feature is important for coping with drought and reducing the effects of drought stress on the crops. In this research, the effects of drought stress, superabsorbent polymer and salicylic acid on growth and yield of Mung bean (Vigna radiata) investigated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete design with three replications in the greenhouse of agricultural and natural resources campus of Razi University. The treatments included drought stress at three levels (soil moisture equivalent at 30, 60 and 100% field capacity), superabsorbent in three levels (0, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) and salicylic acid at four levels (250, 500 and 750 ?M in the spray application). The results showed that drought stress caused a significant reduction in many of vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Mung bean such as; stem length, root volume, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, protein yield, leaf relative water content and yield components at 1% level, while the use of salicylic acid and superabsorbent polymer significantly increased these characteristics compared to the control. Also, the interaction of drought and superabsorbent stress caused a significant difference in the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, stem and leaf dry weight, grain yield, biological yield, proline content, leaf relative water content, fresh and dry weight of the root, root area and volume. The interaction of drought stress and salicylic acid also significantly affected the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, stem length, grain yield, proline content, fresh and dry weight of root and root surface, and interaction of salicylic acid and superabsorbent significantly affected the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, proline content, relative water content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of root and root volume and surface. In addition, the interactions of all three factors, drought stress, superabsorbent and salicylic acid, also caused a significant difference between all the experimental parameters, except seed number per pod, 100 seed weight, stem length and root length. In general, under drought conditions, the different plant characteristics are affected by drought stress, and conversely, the use of 500 ?m salicylic acid or 0.3% by weight of superabsorbent has a positive role to reduce significantly the effects of extreme drought stress (30% FC) on the most traits than the control.Keywords: Drought stress, growth parameters, Mung bean, salicylic acid, superabsorbent.

  افزايش جمعيت، افزايش تقاضا براي غذا را به دنبال خواهد داشت بنابراين توليدات كشاورزي بايد با سرعتي برابر با رشد جمعيت، ولي با همان زمين­ها و منابع آب ثابت، رشد كنند.   به منظور تعيين ميزان رشد و توليد ماده خشك گياه تحت تاثير آبياري با نقطه شبنم، پژوهشي گلخانه اي و مزرعه اي طراحي گرديد. تاثير آبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري­معمولي و بدون آبياري بر­روي صفات كمي و كيفي گيا­هان در پژوهش­هاي گلخانه­اي و مزرعه­اي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند كه پژوهش گلخانه­اي در دو مرحله (جوانه زني بذر و مرحله رشد رويشي گياه)   اجرا گرديد. در پژوهش در مرحله جوانه زني،   تاثير تيمار­هاي آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و بدون آبياري در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار بر درصد جوانه زني بذرنخود، گندم، خيار، كتان، چغندر، شنبليله در سال 1394 ارزيابي گرديد. كه تيمار آبياري با نقطه­شبنم باعث جوانه زني بذر در مقايسه با شاهد (بدون آبياري) گرديد. پژوهش گلخانه اي در مرحله رشد رويشي گياه در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار ­روي صفات رويشي نخود و گندم بكار رفت. تيمار­هاي آبياري شامل آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و آبياري معمولي بودند. مقايسه ميانگين داده­ها براي نخود نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري معمولي نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داراي وزن تر ساقه، وزن تر تك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ و نسبت برگ به ساقه بيشتري بود. مقايسه ميانگين داده­هاي نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم نسبت به آبياري با روش معمول از نظر طول ساقه، تعداد برگ، وزن تر ساقه، وزن ترتك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن­تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ، سطح برگ، نسبت برگ به ساقه و وزن مخصوص برگ) تفاوتي نداشت. پژوهش مزرعه­اي در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در سال 1396-1395 اجرا گرديد. در اين بخش سه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري معمولي و ديم روي نخود اعمال گرديدند. صفات مورد بررسي   شامل كلروفيل a،   كلروفيل b،   كارتنوييد،   كلروفيل كل،   كلروفيلa/b،   هدايت روزنه­اي،   فتوسيستم (2)،   فتوسيستم (1)،   محتواي رطوبت نسبي آب، ارتفاع ساقه،   تعداد ساقه، تعداد برگ، تعداد غلاف حاوي تك بذردر هر بوته، تعداد غلاف حاوي دو عدد بذر   در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف در هر بوته، طول غلاف، قطر غلاف، تعداد دانه در هر بوته،   وزن 100 دانه، عملكرد در يك هكتار، عملكرد كاه­وكلش در يك هكتار، عملكرد دانه در تك بوته، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش تك بوته، عملكرد دانه در يك متر مربع، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش يك متر مربع، وزن بيولوژيك تك بوته، وزن بيولوژيك در يك متر مربع، شاخص برداشت تك بوته، شاخص برداشت در يك متر مربع بودند. تيمارهاي آبياري اثر معني داري بر   هدايت روزنه­اي،   FV/FM، شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز و تعداد برگ   نخود در شرايط مزرعه داشتند ولي تاثير تيمارها   بر ساير صفات مزرعه اي معني دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين داده ها نشان داد كه آبياري­با­نقطه­شبنم نسبت به شرايط ديم از نظر   هدايت روزنه¬اي،   FV/FM، برتري داشت. تيمار آبياري معمولي و ديم سطح برگ بالاتري نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داشتند. آبياري معمولي نسبت به ديمكاري شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز   بيشتري داشت. با توجه با نتايج بدست آمده مي توان گفت كه آبياري با نقطه شبنم بعلت تامين مقدار اندكي رطوبت بهتر است در مراحلي كه گياه احتياج كمتري به آب دارد مانند جوانه زني استفاده گردد، هرچند در شرايط بي آبي مي تواند تا حدي رطوبت مورد نياز گياه را تامين كند و راهكاري براي مقابله با خشكي باشد.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injections of albumen, amino acid supplementary and calcium lactate pentahydrate into the albumen on the one day-old chick weight, chick weight one day relative to egg weight and hatchability of ROSS 308 broiler chicks.A total of 63 piece of fertile egg broiler (with the average weight 64±2 gr) used the technique of surrogate shell that eggs were arranged factorially in completely randomized design with 6 treatments.In ovo injection nutrition run to two experiments. First experiment treatment consisted of 4 albumen sources with two control treatments that they are include:1. Non-injected eggs (control)2. Non-injected eggs surrogate shell (control)3. Eggs injected with 2.5ml albumen in surrogate shell4. Eggs injected with 2.5ml albumen+250 mg calcium lactate in surrogate shell5. Eggs injected with 1ml albumen in surrogate shell6. Eggs injected with 1ml albumen+250mg calcium lactate in surrogate shellNext experiment treatment consisted of amino acid source and two control treatment that they are include:1. non-injected eggs (control)2. non-injected eggs surrogate shell (control)3. Eggs injected with 2.5ml amino acid supplementary in surrogate shellDuring the experiment the status of the viability and growth of the embryo chick weight. Chick weight relative to egg weight and hatchability were determined.The results showed that in ovo injection of albumen and amino acid supplementary increased body weight (p<0.05) on the first day of hatch compared to the control. There were no significant effect of treatments on hatchability.Key words: chicken embryo

چكيدهآب مهم ترين عامل محدود كننده توسعه كشاورزي در مناطق خشك و نيمه خشك است. از طرفي ايران جز مناطق خشك و نيمه خشك جهان مي باشد. بنابراين استفاده بهينه از منابع آب موجود و مديريت آنها با توجه به علم روز، امري بسيار حياتي مي باشد. استفاده از روش ها و تكنيك هاي جديد آبياري نيز   در همين راستا مي باشد. يكي از اين روش ها، تنش هاي آبياري است كه مطالعات متعددي در اين زمينه صورت گرفته است. اما علم نوين مطالعه اين روش ها را   در كنار مدل هاي شبيه ساز رشد آسان نموده است. لذا با توجه به اهميت موضوع در اين تحقيق اقدام به كشت آفتابگردان رقم روغني فرخ تحت رژيم هاي مختلف آبياري شامل: تيمارهاي 20 درصد بيش آبياري، 100 درصد آبياري(شاهد)، 20 درصد كم آبياري و 40 درصد كم آبياري كه اين تيمارها در كل دوره رشد اعمال شده و 20 درصد كم آبياري و 40   درصد كم آبياري در دوره رويشي اعمال شدند و 20 درصد و   40 درصد كم آبياري در دوره زايشي اعمال گرديد.سپس به آناليز صفات گياهي تيمارهاي آبياري و واسنجي و همچنين صحت سنجي مدل Aquacrop كه از مدل هاي مهم شبيه ساز رشد گياهي تحت رژيم هاي كم آبياري مي باشد، اقدام گرديد. مدل Aquacrop همانند بسياري از مدل هاي شبيه ساز رشد، نقطه اي مي باشد. بنابراين جهت پتانسيل يابي عملكرد در سطح منطقه سنقر كرمانشاه، از مدل Aquacrop-GIS استفاده شد.آناليز صفات زراعي، معني داري را تحت تنش هاي كم آبياري نشان داد. و   واسنجي مدل Aquacro   و همچنين صحت سنجي اين مدل در شبيه سازي بيوماس و كانوپي كاور با   دقت خوب انجام شد. اما مدل در شبيه سازي تيمارهاي دوره زايشي، نسبت به بقيه تيمارها ضعيف عمل نمود. سپس با استفاده از فايل گياهي واسنجي شده، تنش هاي آبياري در منطقه سنقر با استفاده از مدل Aquacrop-GIS بررسي   و نقشه هاي عملكرد، در سطح منطقه تهيه گرديد.    كلمات كليدي: كم آبياري، مدل Aquacrop-GIS، واسنجي،   مدل Aquacrop، آفتابگردان

     In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of different growth hormones (3?indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], and 6?benzylaminopurine [6?BAP]) va control (distilled water) at different growth and development stages of pea (flowering, poding, flowering + poding), with rainfed conditions (control), an split-plot experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was setup at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. According to the results, the interaction effect of supplemental irrigation × hormone was significant on green pod yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight, harvest index and primary and secondary photosynthesis pigments. The number of pods per plant and grains per pod were also influenced by the effects of supplemental irrigation and hormones. The use of supplemental irrigation at two stages (flowering+ poding), and the application of hormones (IAA and 6-BAP) led to produce the highest grain yield, biological yield and 100-grain weight. The highest number of pods per plant and grains per pod was obtained under irrigation at two growth stages and exogenous application of hormones. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b was related to the plants under supplemental irrigation at flowering + pod and application of 6-BAP and for carotenoids was obtained by application of GA3. Exogenous application of 6-BAP was increased fv/fm, performance index, soluble sugar, soluble protein and leaf relative water content. Effects of supplemental irrigation and hormone were significant on antioxidant enzymes and most of them were obtained under rainfed and application of plant hormone. In general, it can be stated that supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of growth hormones IAA and 6-BAP, can be used to prevent exposure of pea to water stress during critical stages of flowering and poding and it may be appropriate to increasing its economic performance.

High quality seed is essential factor for proper establishment of seedling in field. Percentage and rate of seed germination in the laboratory are usually different from the emergence percentage and rate in field. This study carried out to determine the most suitable seed vigor test in the laboratory to predict the seedlling emergence percentage and rate. Eight lentil seed lots belonged to four cultivars (kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Kermanshah local), were selected. These seed lots were different in production year, so that were produced in 2010 and 2014 years. In laboratory, some seed tests were performed on the seed lots, such as standard germination test, cold test, electrical conductivity test, imbibition test, hiltner test, osmotic stress test (at three potential 0, -3 and -6 bar), and accelerated aging test (at three temperatures 40, 41 and 42 °C for periods of 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours). In these tests, some indices related to seed and seedling vigor were measured, such as final germination percentage, mean daily germination, average time to germination, germination rate, normal seedling percentage, abnormal seedling percentage, seedling vigor index, allometric index, the use of seed storage, the contribution of seed storage in seedling weight, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight. In the farm, also, above mention seed lots were planted and some traits were evaluated, such as the seedling emergence percentage, average daily emergence, average time to emergence and seedling emergence rate. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparisons showed that the lentil seed lots were different in terms of measured traits in the laboratory and the field. Orthogonal analysis for field and laboratory tests showed the superiority new v.s. old seed lots. To investigate the relation between field and laboratory tests, correlation analysis wase measured between germination characteristics in the laboratory with two traits of percentage and rate of seedling emergence in field. In relation to seedling emergence percentage in the field, the highest positive correlations were obtained with normal seedling percentage in the accelerated aging test at of 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.888 and 0.861, respectively), the final germination percentage in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.842 and 0.813, respectively), normal seedling percentage in the cold test at 2 °C (0.733) and normal seedling percentage in the standard germination test (0.724). In relation to seedling emergence rate in the field, the highest positive correlations were obsereved with germination rate in the cold test at 2 °C (0.792), shoot length in the cold test at 4 °C (0.766), germination rate in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.765), average daily germination in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.753), average daily germination in the standard germination test (0.733), and average daily germination in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 96 and 72 hours (0.718 and 0.712, respectively). So, these laboratory tests can be used to predict the rate and percentage of seedling emergence in the field.

Tra  lanting is one of the basic methods resulting in crop earliness and increases yield. Regarding that among crop plants in Kermanshah province, sunflower, maize, sugar beet and squash with multiple uses have higher cultivated area, so, the experiment was aimed to increase yield of the plants by tra  lanting at research greenhouse and field, campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during two years (2015 and 2016). In 2015, the experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors were three planting methods (seeding, 4-week tra  lanting and 6-week tra  lanting) and two planting dates (early planting and common planting date). In 2016, the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included tra  lanting (6-week tra  lanting at early planting for maize and sugar beet, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting for sunflower, early seeding for squash) and seeding (control). In the first year, results showed that 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting and early seeding produced the highest biological yield in maize, sugar beet, sunflower and squash, respectively. The treatments were selected to repeat for year two.   In the second year, results showed that tra  lanting compared to direct seeding increased biological yield, chlorophyll, leaf area and seed yield in sunflower and maize and sugar yield in sugar beet. In squash, early seeding had higher biological yield, chlorophyll and stomatal conductance compared to seeding at common date. There was no significant difference between seeding and tra  lanting in terms of sugar content in sugar beet. So, to increase yield, 6-week tra  lanting at early date for maize and sugar beet and 4-week tra  lanting at early date for sunflower is recommended for earliness in Kermanshah. Planting dates and tra  lant ages except studied ages and dates in the experiment were suggested for the next experiments.

The study effect of forbidden irrigation at different growth stages on yield and yield components of corn (SC704)

  Effect of salicylic acid and zinc on some physiological parameters of pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars

Myagrum perfoliatum is a winter weed in crops such as wheat and barley in Kermanshah province recently been problematic. This weed, emerging in Iran and in the world, many studies have been done on it. Seeds zero at different depths (surface), 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm. The time period after 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 14 months out of the soil and tra  orted to the laboratory and under the treatments were temperature and light. Temperature treatment at three levels (25 ° C, fixed, variable 5/10 and 10/20 °C) and light treatments on two levels (light and dark) were applied.The results showed that weed seeds are not photoblastic. Myagrum perfoliatum germinated in light and dark alike. Optimum temperature for seed germination temperature regime Myagrum perfoliatum varied 10/20. Burial depth on seed germination significant effect (p?0.01). The highest germination was found at a depth of five centimeters of soil. Over time also had a significant effect on breaking dormancy so that the seeds after 14 months had the highest percentage of germination. Due to the increased depth, germination percentage decreased Myagrum perfoliatum can be concluded that deep plowing to control weeds because it can lead to the germination of seeds and this prevents them into the depths of the plowing should be done a few years in the West because in Iran is usually done by plow tillage the soil tillage and seed lefted to gether and seeds that in the middle up and make them germinate.Key words: deep plowing, new weed, optimum temperature, wheat and barley

  Abstract Regarding to the importance of source and sink limitations, remobilization and current photosynthesis of different organs and their correlations with grain yield in barley, an experiment was conducted on 10 irrigated barley genotypes using randomized complete block design with three replicates under normal wet conditions at the field of Agriculture Training Complexes Mahidasht (Kermanshah) during 2012-2013 cropping season. The results indicated that the effect genotype was significant on kernel yield, yield components, remobilization and current photosynthesis. According to the means comparison, “Nosrat” and “MB-88-5” genotypes by 8.84 and 6.35 t/ha had the highest and lowest grain yield, respectively. According to correlation analysis, the highest correlation among kernel yield with yield components was observed between kernel yield and biological yield (r = 0.919). “Yusuf” cultivar had the highest rate of remobilization (0.360 gram per stem). Moreover, “Yusuf” and “Nosrat” showed the maximum rate of total current photosynthesis. Investigation of source and sink limitations revealed that leaves defoliation caused remarkable reduction in kernel weight. On the other hand, kernel weight was increased due to spikelet’s deletion. So, these points indicated the existence of source limitation in studied barley genotypes under Kermanshah climate. The highest of source limitation was obtained from “D10” genotypes by 11.75% which indicated that there was a high potential in these genotypes for increasing kernel yield as well as removing source limitation.   Keywords: irrigated barley, source and sink limitations, remobilization, current photosynthesis, kernel yield

  Abstract:The effect of light intensity on the physiological and morphological characteristics of chickpea, like other crops, is of crucial importance.In order, the effects of shading on vegetative and reproductive growth of peas and also the intensity of the light yield, carried out an experiment via factorial in based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications in research farm on Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran during 2012-2013.Factors were including shading (no-shading, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent) at different growth stages (vegetative and reproductive stages and all of growth duration). The results showed thatthe intensity of shading at different growth stages, significant effect on yield and yield components, chlorophyll content, dry matter pationing, remobilization photosynthesis. As shading had the most effect of on grain yield, hundred grin weight, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant,biological yield and harvest index at all of growth duration, reproductive and vegetative stages respectively. Biomass in 75, 50,25 and perfect shading at all of growth duration decreused 87.0, 73.3, 53.1 and 92,3 percent, compared to control, respectively. This value ware for grain yield 95.2, 80.8, 59.9 and 100 percent, ratio to control, respectively. Key words: Shading, Light intensity, yield, growth, Chickpea.