Jahangir KHazaei

   Slope stabilization is one of the important challenges of geotechnical engineering, and failure to pay attention to it can lead to dangerous subsidence and collapse of soil. In the Shahu region, frequent landslides and increased slope displacement have made it more evident than ever before the necessity of investigating and selecting appropriate stabilization methods. The present study investigated and compared three slope stabilization methods, including anchorage, anti-slip piles, and retaining walls, using finite element numerical analysis and PLAXIS 2D software. The main objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of each method in reducing total slope displacement, increasing the safety factor, and controlling failure lines. In the analyses, geometric and mechanical parameters such as anchor angle and length, pile center distance, and the distance of the retaining wall from the slope toe were examined as key variables. The results showed that the anti-slip pile had the greatest effect in reducing total displacement and increasing the safety factor; the maximum safety factor of 1.405 was recorded at a distance of 0.5 m from the highest point of the slope, which is beyond the design criterion limit (1.25). The anchoring method has a good performance in stabilizing the surface layers of the slope, but excessive increase in the anchoring length causes stress concentration and increased local settlement. While the retaining wall has limited control over the total displacement and is more suitable for surface stabilization and local control of displacements. The analysis of the failure lines also showed that the combination of the load transfer mechanism, system stiffness and failure depth plays a decisive role in the stabilization performance. The findings are consistent with previous studies and emphasize that the selection of the optimal method should be based on the geotechnical properties of the soil, failure depth and implementation constraints. This research also suggests that the combination of methods, 3D modeling and intelligent monitoring can increase the prediction accuracy and efficiency of slope engineering designs. Keywords: Slope stabilization, anti-slip pile, anchorage, retaining wall   

One of the important issues in excavation in urban environments is the monitoring of the pit wall, which, if not monitored accurately, can lead to irreparable loss of life and property. Pit wall monitoring is a vital aspect in geotechnical and civil engineering that can have significant effects on the safety and sustainability of construction projects. This study investigates the effect of time on changes in the shape and position of semi-deep pit walls using a total station camera and Plaxis software, using the Mohr-Columbus behavior, and emphasizes the importance of master monitoring and time-based analysis. By simulating real construction and loading conditions in Plaxis software, the behavior of pit walls over time is analyzed under the influence of various factors such as soil type, loading, environmental conditions, etc. In this type of monitoring, by considering the effect of time in the analyses, more optimal solutions are provided for the design and implementation of excavation operations and will reduce potential risks. In this study, a project (under construction) during the semi-deep excavation operation (12.5 m) was considered, and with increasing excavation depth, ten reference points were examined as selected monitoring points, and with the information obtained from the monitoring, we modeled it in Plaxis software and examined the driving and resisting forces and the rupture wedge by considering the effect of time in the analyses. In this software, the different stages of pit construction are accurately modeled and the time changes in lateral pressures, settlements and deformations of the pit wall are examined. Among the outstanding results of the study, the following can be mentioned: 1- In time-dependent analysis, it always predicts a greater displacement than the instantaneous analysis. 2- The greatest deformation usually occurs at half the height of the pit wall. 3- The pause between excavation stages has a significant effect on increasing the deformation of the pit wall. 4- In soft fine-grained soils, creep behavior is very effective. 5- Field monitoring results are usually closer to time-dependent analysis than static analysis. 6- The speed of project implementation due to weather conditions is the main controlling factor of pit wall deformation. 7- Time-dependent analysis usually shows the actual likely failure pattern better.   

  In developing countries, construction waste accounts for a large part of urban waste, which, in addition to being very expensive to dispose of, has adverse consequences on the environment. Recycling construction waste not only helps to preserve natural resources and the environment, but also has economic justification by using scientific methods. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the mechanical properties of construction waste at the laboratory level and to evaluate the possibility of reusing these materials in road construction as sub-base materials. For this purpose, 19 samples of mixtures including concrete, brick, ceramic and gypsum materials with different weight percentages were selected for the study. The results of the compaction tests showed that with increasing the amount of brick and gypsum in the mixtures, the tendency to absorb water in them and the optimum moisture percentage increase and the dry specific gravity of the mixture decreases. After conducting California bearing ratio tests on the mixtures, it was found that all 19 mixtures could be used as base layers. In addition, mixture 19 could also be used as base layers. Next, the mixtures with the highest and lowest CBR values ??were subjected to direct shear tests, the results of which indicated the existence of an internal friction angle and their high potential for engineering applications, including road construction. Finally, using genetic, particle swarm optimization, and differential evolutionary metaheuristic algorithms, the percentages of materials were determined to achieve the optimal mixture.

         اين پايان نامه به بررسي عملكرد و اثربخشي سازه هاي كنترل سيل، به طور خاص بر ديوارهاي حفاظتي در امتداد سواحل رودخانه ها از ديدگاه مهندسي عمران مي پردازد. سيل يكي از مخرب ترين مخاطرات طبيعي است كه تهديدهاي قابل توجهي براي زندگي و زيرساخت هاي انسان به شمار مي رود. براي كاهش اين خطرات، اجراي سيل بندها و ديوارهاي حفاظتي ساحلي ضروري است. اين تحقيق به يك شكاف انتقادي در ادبيات مربوط به ارزيابي جامع اين ساختارها مي پردازد. اين پايان نامه با استفاده از رويكرد مطالعه موردي به ويژه حادثه سيل فروردين 1397 در شهرستان پلدختر به ارزيابي عملكرد ديوارهاي حفاظتي حاشيه رودخانه كشكان مي پردازد. اين مطالعه از روشهاي ارزيابي دقيق و تكنيكهاي تجزيه و تحليل دادهها براي تجزيه و تحليل يكپارچگي سازه، راندمان هيدروليكي، و اثرات اجتماعي-اقتصادي ديوارهاي حائل استفاده ميكند. در اين تحقيق از نرم افزار پلكسيس دو بعدي براي بررسي پايداري ديوار ساحلي استفاده شده است. دو حالت ديوار بنايي و بتني براي بررسي پايداري استفاده شده است.همچنين ابعاد ديوار نيز تغيير كرده است. نتايج تحليلها بهروشني نشان ميدهد كه ديوارهاي بتني در مقايسه با ديوارهاي بنايي از نظر عملكرد سازهاي در برابر نيروهاي سيلابي كارآمدتر هستند.       واژه هاي كليدي : ديوارهاي محافظ ساحلي ، سيل ، شهر پلدختر

  Abstract In developing countries, construction waste accounts for a large part of urban waste, which, in addition to the high cost of disposal, also has adverse consequences on the environment. The volume of construction waste is so large that this issue is now a social and environmental problem not only in Iran but also in developed countries. Recycling construction waste not only helps to preserve natural resources and the environment, but also has economic justification by using scientific methods. Construction waste is the most common type of waste produced in the world. Therefore, insufficient attention to this type of waste can be raised as an environmental problem in the future. Today, the use of materials made from recycled construction waste is an important issue. The use of this type of waste (waste) can reduce the need to exploit natural resources. In the present study, the possibility of recycling these materials and using them directly as base or sub-base materials is investigated. For this purpose, after obtaining the necessary waste from the desired location and determining the waste compositions based on weight percentage (the lowest is 5 percent and the highest is 45 percent), 19 samples of the selected waste compositions were selected with different weight percentages, and then the necessary physical tests including grading, sand equivalent, modified density, elongation and splitting, water absorption, and abrasion were performed on the selected materials to examine the quality of recycled waste as road construction materials. The results show that the selected grading was in the coarse-grained range and it is necessary to modify the grading. The sand equivalent results indicate that it is usable for the sub-base layer. The density shows that the samples containing a higher percentage of gypsum and brick have a higher optimal moisture content and a lower maximum specific gravity. The elongation and splitting results indicate that these compositions are usable for the base and sub-base layer. The results of the water absorption test show that brick and gypsum have a higher water absorption capacity than concrete and ceramics. The abrasion results show that the selected materials with the selected percentage are not of good quality and the amount of concrete should be increased and the amounts of plaster and brick should be reduced. Keywords: waste, base, road construction, recycled materials, construction waste, physical properties.

   چكيده با توجه به اهميت پايدار سازي گود در فضاهاي شهري و ساخت و ساز هاي رايج شهري ، از بين روش هاي موجود جهت پايدارسازي گود روش نيلينگ به دليل سرعت در اجرا و نيز عدم جاگير بودن در فضاي گود مورد اقبال بيشتري قرار گرفته است از اين رو درپژوهش حاضر با در نظر گرفتن ب ار استاتيكي ناشي از سازه هم جوار گود و فاصله ان از لبه گود و با كمك نرم افزار اجزا محدودپلكسيس دو بعدي ، اقدام به بررسي تاثير ارتفاع لايه خاك و نيز چسبنده يا غير چسبنده بودن خاك و تعدا لايه خاك با در نظر گرفتن سطح آب زيرزميني بر روي عملكرد روش پايدار سازي گود به روش نيلينگ گرديده است و در نهايت با تحليل نتايج به دست آمده تاثير ارتفاع و تعداد و جنس لايه هاي خاكي،ضخامت شاتكريت،ضخامت ديواره پشت گودومدل رفتاري مورد استفاده بر جابه جايي افقي و قائم ديواره گود و ضريب اطمينان آن مورد بحث وبررسي قرار گرفته است.

   Abstract Digitalization in the field of government and then land administration as a government service, has come to the integration of processes and data through a single Point of Access called the single-window system. However, assessing the maturity level of this system and tracking its progress remains a major challenge. This thesis aims to propose a descriptive maturity model for evaluating the land administration single-window system, also known as Iranland . The proposed model is developed through a literature review and the integration of reference methodologies, frameworks and models such as the World Trade Organization’s Single Window Assessment Methodology (SWAM), the World Customs Organization's (WCO) Single Window Maturity Model, the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), the Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), the United Nations e-Government Development Index (EGDI), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) maturity frameworks, Iran’s five-level e-Government maturity model, and several other models and frameworks. In this proposed maturity model, the maturity of the system is assessed based on several key process areas, including integration level, data management, user interface, stakeholder participation, tra  arency, system performance, smart monitoring and control, and more. The proposed maturity model is presented in five maturity levels (Initial, Standard, Integrated, Advanced, and Optimization & Innovation), which align with phases A, B, and C of the TOGAF architecture development method, CMMI integration, and Iran’s five-level e-Government maturity model. The model was evaluated through comparative analysis with its reference models. The results indicate that the key benefits of the proposed maturity model are the integration of criteria from several recognized models, covering diverse indicators, and its compatibility with the specific characteristics of the land management single-window system. However, the model also has limitations, including the lack of a precise method for assessing weight to indicators, limited coverage of advanced security considerations, and dependency on data quality and availability, which could be explored in future research. Keywords: Maturity model, land administration single window system, single window, e-Government, maturity assessment.

In linear projects with long paths, such as roads and railways, encountering unstable infrastructures such as sedimentary layers and soft soils is inevitable. This issue leads to problems such as excessive settlement, reduced load-bearing capacity, and the destruction of pavement layers. This research will examine the impact of implementing deep stone heel structures on the sides of existing pavement sections at various distances and geometric dimensions in reducing the amount of settlement. For this purpose, two-dimensional modeling was carried out using numerical modeling methods in the Midas GTX NX software. The results of various models were compared in three general scenarios: a section without the use of deep stone heel structures, a section with deep stone heel structures of variable dimensions, and a section with deep stone heel structures of variable dimensions combined with geosynthetic enclosures, under three different heights of soft layers of 2, 4, and 7 meters.  

   خاك‌هاي تورمي جزء خاك‌هاي مسئله‌دار هستند كه به‌طور وسيعي در سرتا سرجهان با آب‌وهواي مختلف از جمله ايران پراكنده ‌شده اند. در اينگونه از خاك‌ها تغييرات رطوبت، سبب تغييرحجم شديد و باعث آسيب و حتي خرابي سازه‌هاي واقع برروي آنها خواهد شد. يخبندان يكي از عوامل موثردر تغييرات رطوبت در مناطق سرد مي‌باشد و امروزه شناسايي و روش تثبيت جزء مسائل مهم در مهندسي ژئوتكنيك در مناطقي سرد (يخبندان فصلي) محسوب مي‌شود و همچنين در مناطق گرم خشك تغييرات رطوبت به‌علت تبخير در مناطق گرم بررسي رفتار خاك تورمي و روش تثبيت مناسب يك امر مهمي در دنيا مي‌باشد. به همين منظور هدف اصلي از تحقيق آزمايشگاهي مطالعه تأثير چرخه انجماد وذوب و سيكل تر و خشك بر روي چرخه انجماد وذوب بر خاك تورمي و خاك تورمي تبيت شده با سه ماده آهك، پودر متا و پودر آلفام مي‌باشد. و لذا براي دست يابي داده‌هاي اين تحقيق مجموعه از كار‌هاي آزمايشگاهي به شرح ذيل مد نظر مي‌باشد: 1- تثبيت خاك تورمي با آهك، پودر متا و پودر آلفا. 2- تاثير چرخه انجماد و ذوب بر پتانسيل تورم و پتانسيل فشار تورم و مقاومت فشار تك محوري (ucs) روي خاك تورمي تثبيت شده. 3-تاثير سيكل تر وخشك بر چرخه انجماد و ذوب روي خاك تورمي تثبيت‌شده.

In this study, aimed at improving the mechanical and rheological properties of pure bitumen (60-70), silicon oil (SO), which has suitable properties, and rice husk ash (RHA), an environmentally friendly waste material from rice production, were used. Different samples were prepared by mixing 2% silicone oil and 6%, 12%, 18%, and 24% rice husk ash with PG 22-64 bitumen. To evaluate the performance of the modified samples, tests such as penetration, softening point, ductility, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) were conducted on both modified and control samples.The results indicate that, with a constant 2% of silicone oil, increasing the percentage of rice husk ash raised the softening point and viscosity at temperatures of 120°C, 135°C, and 160°C. However, it also decreased the penetration and ductility compared to pure bitumen. According to the DSR results at high temperatures (58°C, 64°C, 70°C, and 76°C), all modified samples exhibited higher rutting resistance compared to pure bitumen, with the samples containing 18% and 24% ash and 2% silicone oil showing the highest increase in rutting resistance. DSR results at medium temperatures (16°C, 19°C, and 22°C) demonstrated that the samples with 6%, 12%, and 18% ash and 2% silicone oil had good resistance to cracking. Based on the BBR results at -22°C, all modified samples, except the one with 24% ash and 2% silicone oil, performed within the acceptable range and yielded satisfactory results.Summarizing the findings, the sample containing 2% silicone oil and 18% rice husk ash demonstrated good performance across high, medium, and low temperatures and is recommended as the optimal sample.

   تحليل ديناميكي پايداري شيرواني­هاي مسلح و غير مسلح يكي از مهمترين شاخه­هاي مهندسي ژئوتكنيك است. وقوع ناپايداري و لغزش در شيرواني­هاي طبيعي و مصنوعي از جمله پديده­هايي است كه در ايران و در بسياري نقاط جهان به وفور رخ مي­دهد. گسيختگي شيرواني ممكن است در شرايط طبيعي و صرفا تحت اثر وزن توده ناپايدار رخ داده و يا ممكن است در اثر عوامل ديناميكي مانند زلزله به وقوع پيوندد. امروزه روش­هاي گوناگوني براي پايدارسازي و كم كردن تغيير مكان هاي جانبي شيرواني­ها وجود دارد . پايدارسازي شيرواني­ها تابع تعادل بين نيروهاي محرك و مقاوم مي باشد كه با كاهش نيروهاي محرك، افزايش نيروهاي مقاوم و يا هر دو انجام مي­شود. در اين پايان نامه   اثر زلزله ازگله – سرپل ذهاب بر تحليل شيرواني و كاهش ميزان تغيير شكلهاي آن در حالت بارگذاري ديناميكي توسط نرم افزار المان محدود آباكوس بررسي شده است. همچنين اثر برخي از پارامترها از جمله فاصله شمع ها، طول شمع ها، قطر شمع ها، بررسي تغيير مدل رفتاري خاك بررسي تأثير تغيير پارامترهاي لايه زيرين شيرواني در ميزان پايداري شيرواني بررسي گرديده است. نتايج تحليل نشان مي دهد كه استفاده از شيرواني­هاي مسلح نقش مؤثري در كاهش تغيير مكان هاي افقي و قائم شيرواني ايفا مي­كند.

Accordingly, in this research, 4% waste motor oil and 20, 15, 10, 5% calcium lignosulfonate were added to the bitumen. Then, in order to check the performance of the asphalt mixture at low temperatures, the fracture toughness test (at three temperatures), the middle temperature of the modulus of elasticity test and high temperature, a dynamic creep test was performed on asphalt samples. The results showed that the use of 15 and 20 percent calcium lignosulfonate along with 4 percent waste engine oil has the best performance at low and medium temperatures, and considering the results of the creep test Dynamically (high temperature), the best percentage of calcium lignosulfonate use was 15%.  

   ABSTRACT    Since the nailed walls of the excavation are considered as permanent structures, its necessary to study and describe the creep behavior of the nailed wall. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate more the soils that have creep potential. Generally, soft clay soil or clay with a high plastic index show a greater tendency to creep than other soils, which has a negative effect on the stability of the excavated wall in the long term. For this reason, the use of nailing method in soft clay soils has certain sensitivities and the parameters of soft clay, the effect of various behavioral models and the effect of choosing the type of analysis (plastic or consolidation) should be investigated in order to have a correct understanding of the development of soil creep and long-term deformations.It should be mentioned that excavation stabilization by nailing method is one of the suitable and practical methods in most urban excavation , which can be effective as a scientific and practical method due to the lack of interference with the work environment (excavation area). It should be checked whether this method is effective in soft clay soils or not

   پيشرفت در صنعت ساخت و افزايش ميل مردم به سكونت در مراكز متراكم شهري ، همواره مهندسين را به سمت ساخت     سازه هايي با حداكثر زير بناي مفيد سوق داده است كه اين كار تنها با افزايش طبقات روسازه و زير سازه امكان پذير خواهد شد . روش نوظهور ساخت سازه از بالا به پايين[1] به دو صورت متداول جهاني و رايج در ايران در حال توسعه مي باشد كه اختلاف عمده آن در شيوه اجراي ديوار حائل پيراموني است . در اين پايان نامه با مدل سازي يك سازه مناسب به دو شيوه نام برده شده به صورت محاسبات عددي و روش اجزاي محدود ، در برنامه پلكسيس سه بعدي[2] ، بررسي هاي لازم پيرامون ايمن بودن و اختلاف در مقدار تغيير شكل ديواره گود به دو روش رايج در ايران و متداول جهاني صورت گرفته است . از نتايج حاصل برداشت شد كه جابجايي ديواره گود در سازه هاي ساخته شده به روش   نام برده شده رايج در ايران بيشتر از سازه هاي ساخته شده به روش متداول جهاني مي باشد و اين اختلاف در همه مراحل گود برداري و تمام تراز هاي منفي ( زير سطح زمين ) پا برجاست . با تغيير نوع خاك از درشت دانه به ريز دانه تر مي توان متوجه اين نكته شد كه اين اختلاف براي خاك هاي ريز دانه كمتر و براي خاك هاي درشت دانه بيشتر مي باشد   . براي تمام مدل ها مي توان گفت جابجايي ديواره گودبرداري شده براي روش ايراني تقريبا در حدود مجاز آيين نامه هاي معتبر و مبحث هفتم مقررات ملي ساختمان مي باشد اما به دليل نزديك بودن به حدود مجاز مي توان جهت افزايش ايمني از تمهيداتي همچون افزايش ضخامت ديوار حائل اجرا شده استفاده كرد . لازم به ذكر است ساير تغيير شكل هاي محتمل نظير نشست در زمين هاي اطراف و نشست قائم ديوار حائل اجرا شده به روش رايج در ايران بيشتر از روش متداول جهاني بوده كه به دليل حاشيه امن و فاصله زيادي كه از مقادير مجاز ايين نامه اي خود دارند ، اين اختلاف قابل چشم پوشي و ناديده گرفتن است .    [1] Top-down construction [2] Plaxis 3D

  This research aimed to investigate the effect of graphene oxide on rheological properties of recycled vegetable oil-modified bitumen. Graphene oxide was added to pure bitumen PG 64-22 mixed with recycled vegetable oil in different concentrations of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 1%. Then, the rheological properties of the mixtures, including viscosity parameters, softening point, penetration, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test, direct tension test, and flexural beam rheometer (BBR) test were examined using laboratory tests. The results of the tests showed that adding graphene oxide to recycled vegetable oil-modified bitumen had a positive effect on its rheological properties. Based on the results, it can be concluded that graphene oxide can be used as an effective additive in improving the rheological properties of recycled vegetable oil-modified bitumen. Therefore, improving the rheological properties of recycled vegetable oil-modified bitumen using graphene oxide is proposed as a sustainable and economical method for improving the performance and durability of road paving.

Abstract: The ever-increasing population growth in megacities has changed human lifestyle and the need to create high-rise buildings for optimal use of urban land has increased. Therefore, many deep and semi-deep excavations are carried out in these cities. In some areas, the presence of surface and subsurface water in the area of excavation operations causes issues and problems for the implementation of the project, each of which requires the investigation of all aspects affecting the stability and deformation of the pit. The most important forces that cause the instability of pit walls in urban areas with high groundwater levels are (1) gravitational force (2) water leakage force. The presence of water flow around the pit restrained by the nailing system can cause destruction of the pit or damage to nearby buildings. Therefore, one of the practical and economic solutions to create stability in the restrained pit wall is to lower the underground water level to the extent of the excavation stages. This is despite the fact that each excavation operation and reduction of the underground water level alone causes a change in the state of tensions in the soil and can lead to large deformations in the wall and subsidence of the ground around the pit. In this research, with Plexis, Midas and Geostudio software, the step-by-step excavation operation of a pit under the influence of underground water was modeled, and by using the finite element analysis of the stresses in the soil, the deformation of the wall, the bottom of the pit, and the soil affected by the excavation operation. And we have calculated and investigated the forces entering the Niles. According to the findings of the research, the higher the underground water level, the changes in the walls, bottom of the pit and the surrounding ground, the force acting on the Niles increases, the safety factor of the stability of the pit wall decreases. The output of Plexis software differs by up to 50% from Geostudio and Midas, but the process of groundwater impact on pit stability and deformations is the same. Using the hardening behavior and the small strain hardening behavior have almost the same output. The amount of output in Good simulation models with Mohr-Columb behavior pattern is 50% of the output of the same model with hardenable and small strain hardening behavior patterns. And the previous findings regarding the weakness of the Mohr-Columb behavior model were also proven in this research.   

  The main factors in accidents include three factors: human, vehicle and road. In all accidents, there is error and disorder in one of the three mentioned factors. Human factors play a very important role in accidents and are the most important factors in accidents. Personality traits can affect risky driving behavior and people's perception of health and risk. The current research is correlational with regard to the purpose, application and method of execution, with the general goal of investigating and explaining the predictive role of neurotic personality traits. , excitement seeking and self-esteem were conducted with the mediation of emotion regulation in risky driving behavior in drivers of passenger vehicles in Kermanshah city. The statistical population of the present study included all the drivers of passenger vehicles in the city of Kermanshah, using Cochran's formula, 384 drivers were selected as the sample of the study using the available sampling method, and using Zuckerman's sensation seeking questionnaires (1978), Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (1965), Neo's 5 personality factor test, Manchester driving behavior questionnaire (1990) and Gross emotion regulation questionnaire were measured, and the relationships between research variables were also measured using the structural equation model test and    and amos software. was investigated and the following results were obtained: there is a positive and significant relationship between excitement seeking and risky driving behaviors, there is a positive and significant relationship between neuroticism and risky driving behaviors, there is a significant relationship between self-esteem and risky driving behaviors It doesn't exist, and the emotion regulation component had a significant mediating role between the variables. In general, people with higher neuroticism and excitement showed more risky driving behaviors, but the self-esteem component did not have much effect on risky driving behaviors in people.

AbstractThe aim of non-parallel voice conversion (VC) is to train a voice convertor without relying on paralleldata. Due to the good performance of MaskCycleGAN which is a family of CycleGAN-vc, we usedit as our baseline system here. MaskCycleGAN was an improvement of CycleGAN-vc2, by replacingmel-cepstral features with mel-spectrogram ones, benefited from a mechanism, “filling the frames”(FIF) that make the convertor fill the artificially made missing frames based on neighboring frames.However, this model was not able to capture the inter-channel dependencies. To do so, we proposean attention mechanism integrated in the convertor to help it enhance the sensitivity of the networkto more important features. This application of attention mechanism has a twofold advantage. First,there is no need to define new models, subsequently a vast number of parameters will not be imposedon the network, and second, the process of updating the parameters is done through back propagation.A subjective evaluation of the similarity and naturalness, as well as an objective evaluation shows thatour proposed model outperforms the conditional MaskCycleGAN.

  چكيده :   با توجه به توسعه شهرها و افزايش تراكم جمعيت در ساليان اخير تعداد طبقات زير زمين و عمق گودبرداري افزايش يافته است.وبه دليل انجام گودبرداري هاي غيراصولي در موارد متعددي شاهد فروريختن ديواره هاي گود و يا ساختمان هاي جانبي مي باشيم بنابراين نيازمند پايداري ديوارهاي گودبرداري مي باشد.اما اين كار مشكلات ويژه اي دارد كه هزينه هاي بالاي اجراي سيستم هاي پايداري مهندسان را به سمت ميخ گذاري سوق داده است.در اكثر تحقيقات صورت گرفته بررسي و تحليل عنصرهاي پايدارسازي گود با فرض در نظر گرفتن لايه هاي افقي خاك بوده است اما در واقعيت لايه هاي خاك ممكن است مورب نيز باشند و همچنين خاك داراي چندين لايه مختلف باشد .هدف ازاين تحقيق بررسي تاثير شيب لايه بندي خاك بر روي عملكرد ميخ ها مي باشد كه سعي خواهد شد با در نظر گرفتن آرايش ميخ ها و وجود لايه بندي مختلف خاك و تاثير آن بر روي فاصله و زاويه ميخ ها و هم چنين تاثير مقاومت لايه ها بر روي ميخ ها بررسي گردد كه در نهايت منجر به كنترل تغيير شكل ديواره گود به طور بهينه خواهد شد و ضريب اطمينان مجاز براي اين نوع مسائل بدست خواهد آمد.  يكي از نرم افزارهاي پركاربرد جهت مدلسازي ديوارهاي ميخكوبي شده نرم افزار plaxis مي باشد. در اين نرم افزار   مـي توان از مدل هاي رفتاري متفاوتي از قبيلمدل موركولمب, خاك سـخت شـونده و خـاك سـخت شـونده بـا احتسـاب افزايش سختي در كرنش هاي كوچك استفاده نمود كه نمايان گـر رفتارهـاي متفـاوتي بـراي مصـالح خـاك محـيط مـي باشند. هدف اصلي اين پايان نامه بررسي و مقايسه اين مدل ها, مزايا و معايب آنها بـه نسـبت يكـديگر و همچنـين بررسـي تاثير پارامترهاي متفاوت اين مدل ها بر روي اط?عات خروجي حاصل از مدلسازي مي باشد.  در اين پايان نامه، در ابتداي امر تاريخچه كلي از اجراي سازه نگهبان گفته مي شود و پس از بررسـيكليـات روش مـيخ كوبي, چگونگي اجراي آن و همچنين انواع مدل هاي رفتاري خاك و آئيننامه FHWA پرداخته شده اسـت. در ادامـه به معرفي نرم افزار هاي PLAXIS و MIDAS GTS NX و همچنين به صحتسـنجي نـرم افـزار Plaxis پرداختـه شـده است. در اصلي ترين بخش اين پايان نامه به مدلسازي يك خاك مشخص با مدل هاي رفتاري متفاوتي پرداختـه شـده و بـه مقايسه اين مدل ها و در نهايت بررسي تاثير پارامترهاي مختلف مدل ها پرداخته مي شود.  واژگان كليـدي: ميخ كوبي خاك- پايدار سازي گود – لايه بندي خاك – مدلسازي عددي - گودبرداري

Network traffic classification has been studied for two decades and has been applied to a wide variety of applications, including network traffic management, security in firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. Traditional network traffic classification methods, including port-based methods, deep packet i  ection, and traditional machine learning methods, have been widely used in the past. But due to the dramatic changes that happened in the field of traffic on the Internet, especially the increase in encrypted traffic, as well as the need for these methods to extract features from data streams manually by experts in this field, which was time-consuming, expensive and error-prone. , the accuracy of these methods decreased dramatically. This caused the emergence of newer methods in the field of network traffic classification. Deep learning methods, which are a subset of machine learning science, were able to quickly open their place in this field by automatically extracting features from traffic flows and removing the need for feature extraction by experts, as well as the high accuracy they showed in traffic classification. Also, techniques such as data fusion techniques, as helpful techniques that can be used to further increase accuracy and improve network traffic classification, have come to the aid of these methods. In this research, an attempt has been made to use recurrent deep networks and cumulative cryptography to extract features from the high-level ISCX VPN-non VPN traffic data set. Then, by applying the data integration technique at the feature level, the features extracted from the mentioned networks will be brought to an optimal set of features and finally increase the accuracy in traffic classification. It should be noted that traffic classification is done by the multi-layer perceptron deep network. According to the evaluations, the accuracy of the proposed model in network traffic classification has reached 99.1%.  

   abstract: A comfortable indoor environment plays an important role in improving the learning efficiency and health of students. How to optimize the design of primary and secondary education buildings to achieve a comfortable indoor environment, considering energy and cost, is a significant challenge. With the increase in energy consumption and world population, climate change is related to the heavy reliance of humans on fossil fuels to meet energy demand and produce greenhouse gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports strong evidence that rising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are changing the world's climate. Climate change is predicted to have a negative impact on the world unless appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Various international agreements have been made to help address climate change, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. The final energy consumption in the buildings sector increased from 118 exajoules in 2010 to about 128 exajoules in 2019. The fastest growth in the end-use of the building – cooling systems, appliances and electrical loads – drives electricity in the buildings sector. According to the materials mentioned in relation to energy consumption and the critical situation of global warming and the impact of buildings in this crisis, as well as not addressing environmental issues and providing the required energy through environmentally friendly methods in the design and implementation phase of most of the existing school buildings, the purpose of this The thesis is to modify the thermal behavior of existing school buildings in the temperate and mountainous climate of Kermanshah - Iran in order to supply the building's energy needs through the use of renewable energy sources, the use of appropriate materials and implementation techniques. In the first stage of optimization, various insulations were used to reduce energy consumption, and 5 types of conventional insulation available in Iran, including extruded styrene, expanded polystyrene, glass wool, rock wool, and polyurethane insulation, were investigated. Also, its results showed that polyurethane insulation is the most suitable insulation in the list of insulations. In the second stage of the building test, the layering of the insulation was checked and the insulation was checked in 4 different layers and different types, and the results showed that the second layer is suitable for this insulation position. In the third stage, the thickness of the insulation was checked, and 6 different thicknesses were checked. And the results showed that insulation with a thickness of 30 mm is the most suitable scenario in this regard, both in terms of heating and cooling consumption. In the fourth step, the configuration of light-transmitting walls was checked in 9 scenarios, the results of which were the suitability of three-paned LoE windows. In the fifth stage, the window-to-wall ratio was checked in 60 different situations, and the results showed that in this climate and building, the window-to-wall ratio with 20% is the most appropriate option. In the sixth stage, the shading optimization of the analyzed building And it was investigated that the results showed that there was no need for a canopy in this building.    Keywords: energy architecture, energy optimization, school energy, active and passive systems, reducing energy consumption

The stability of seismic earth dams is particularly critical to the integrity of downstream areas. This thesis describes a numerical study related to both the seismic response and the analysis of earth dams using the finite element method. In this thesis, we will study the effect of the hydrodynamic stresses of an upstream reservoir on the elastic seismic response of dams. A methodology will be proposed in which the reservoir field is modeled with a particular focus on the accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic pressures on the upper dam face. The main part of the thesis is related to the study of the design of the Shehabi dam under study and their hydrological and historical seismic data, which will be analyzed in order to validate the numerical model and get a good agreement between the recorded and projected data. Obtaining dam response during an earthquake with different acceleration and duration using Geo-Studio Seep/w and Quake/w software. Subsequently, using as a reference the calibrated model, parametric studies are performed in order to obtain a better insight into the dynamic response and analysis of the response of the embankment of the dam under consideration during an earthquake with different acceleration, duration and water reservoir level. It is better that we will conduct a three-dimensional seismic analysis of the Shehabi dam by adopting the initial values of the shear stiffness. This will enable insight into the effects of the dam-valley interaction it will confirm whether the \\amount" of stiffening adopted in this study is appropriate.

Using ambient vibration measurements in studies of seismic site effects and microzonation big cities have great development. The role of site effects in the destruction and damage caused by the earthquake is no secret today And many researchers have confirmed the above question on the role of such studies have emphasized. Among the various methods in the study site effect there Measuring vibrations easily cost in terms of economic environment and the ability to measure large areas in a short time is valuable and important. Among the various methods of spectral H / V is Maybe one of the easiest and most practical methods. In this study, using the microtremor measurement method, the natural frequency of the earth for accelerometer stations in Ilam province was determined, and on the other hand, using the relation f0 = Vs30 / 4H, the natural frequency of the earth for accelerometer stations was determined. It was extracted and it was observed that the frequencies obtained from the two methods do not correspond to each other in the stations but are close to each other in some stations.    Keywords: Microtremors, Earth natural frequency, Accelerometer station, Ilam province, Shear wave velocity   

  One of the methods for stabilizing earth slopes or excavated ditches is soil nailing, which has been used around the world for about fourteen decades, and many advances have been made in the use of this method. Has been. However, the use of this method in cold regions is more limited than other places with normal temperature conditions due to lack of sufficient studies and lack of necessary information about the response of the nailed earthen wall due to the experience of freezing and thawing cycles. Therefore, in the present study, in order toachieve a comprehensive plan for the proper design of nailed earthen walls in cold regions, using ABAQUS finite element software, numerical modeling of a nailed earthen wall in Brunswick, Maine The United States has made this region one of the coldest regions. The purpose of this study was to numerically investigate the effect of freezing phenomenon on the behavior of nailed earthen wall, to investigate the stresses caused by freezing activity in the nails that strengthen the earthen body, the amount of pressure on the top wall and the amount of body displacement. Soil is the result of experiencing the freezing process. The results obtained in this study are validated based on the results of field operations performed in Brunswick (Duchesne 2003). Finally, in orderto achieve more comprehensive results, the effect of different nailing conditions inside the soil body under the .mentioned conditions has been investigated

   پايدارسازي گود و شيب ها در مناطق مختلف به دليل گسترش جمعيت ،رشد شهرسازي و راهسازي جهت تامين امنيت جاني و جلوگيري از خسارات مالي   امروزه مورد توجه بسياري از محققين قرار گرفته است . يكي از رايج ترين روشهاي پايدار سازي به دليل مزاياي بسيار ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي شده است. اخيرا برم بندي در ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي مورد پژوهش قرارگرفته و نتايج مثبت آن به وسيله مطالعات دوبعدي نشان داده شده است. باتوجه به هندسه هاي مختلف و مؤثر بر رفتار ديوار نظير گوشه ها و قوس ها با انجام مطالعات سه بعدي ميتوان رفتار ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي شده در اين شرايط را بهتر شناخت و منجر به ديد مفيد تري از عملكرد آنها شد . دراين پژوهش با استفاده از نرم افزار پلكسيس سه بعدي و دوبعدي اثرات ديوارهاي ميخ كوبي برم بندي شده را در حالت همزماني با گوشه در گود ها ، در يك تحليل عددي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته و نتايج مثبت همزمان ناشي از وجود گوشه و برم بندي وهمچنين تغييرات عرض آن بر روي نشست ها(از مقدار 9 سانتيمتر نشست به 1 سانتيمتر در عرض سه متر كاهش يافته)، تغيير مكان هاي افقي ديوار و پايداري بررسي   قرارگرفته و مدل رفتاري بررسي و ضعف مدل موركولمب نشان داده شد .

   Abstract    In this study, the simulation of the effect of different surface buildings on the Kermanshah monorail tunnel has been studied. Numerical modeling of the present study has been performed in the form of two-dimensional finite element method and in plane-strain or two-dimensional strain logic. The software selected for modeling this study was the advanced commercial-research finite element code PLAXIS 2D V8.6. At least 16 different numerical models including the cross section of Kermanshah monorail tunnel and surcharge of buildings with different number of floors have been modeled. The soil model is assumed to be a Mohr-Coulomb elastic-perfect paste model. The parameters of the numerical model have been selected based on the results of the borehole logs studied by the esteemed project consultant. The cross section of the Kermanshah monorail tunnel is in the shape of a horseshoe and is based on the new Austrian tunneling method or NATM. Building surcharge load is simulated based on its equivalent stress at the soil surface and the physics of the buildings are not modeled. The 2 to 100 stories buildings have been applied as surcharge load to the numerical model of Kermanshah monorail tunnel. Also, a free field reference model without the effect of building surcharge load is included in the 2D modeling of the research. Logical relationships are obtained between the increase in surface building surcharge and the amount of deformation. The values ??of the settlements are about five times higher than the horizontal deformations. That is, the subsidence of the soil layer above the structure of the monorail tunnel is about 5 times more affected by the lateral deformation than the increase of the upper surcharge of the building. By simultaneously comparing the maximum shear strain of different parametric numerical models with different construction surcharges, the quantitative range of shear strains is up to about 4% of the maximum shear strain. Up to an surcharge of about 15 floors, which is equivalent to the overhead of existing buildings in Kermanshah, the shear stress of different cases is almost equal (about 300 kPa). This shows that increasing the maximum 100 floors of the building above ground level has increased the amount of axial force inside the tunnel cover by at least 3.5 times.       Keywords: Soil pressure, Kermanshah monorail, tunnel, peripheral structures, soil excavation, numerical modeling.

   Abstract: An important part of traffic issues, including urban accidents, are related to the human factor and his driving culture. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of driving culture and attitude on the number (amount) of driving violations among Internet taxi drivers. This research was conducted with a sociological approach and to answer the research questions, the theoretical literature related to social action and behavior, especially the theory of logical action and planned behavior has been used. The present study is a quantitative study and was conducted by survey method in the period of 2019-20. The data collection technique was a researcher-made questionnaire that was tested for validity and reliability. The statistical population included SNAP drivers (approximately 10,000 people) in Sanandaj city and according to Krejcie and Morgan table, 373 people were estimated as a sample and selected by simple random sampling. Someof the questionnaires were distributed face to face, and others were distributed and collected electronically on Google Form. Finally, the data of 366 questionnaires were processed and analyzed in    software version 25. To analyze the data Univariate statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, enter method multivariate regression analysis and path analysis were used. The results showed that a weaker driving culture is associated with more traffic violations among SNAP drivers and vice versa. Also, a more positive driving attitude was associated with fewer driving offenses, and vice versa. In addition, the average number of driving offenses was higher for younger, single, and older drivers who had been licensed for less than a year. According to multivariate analysis, the variables of marital status, social responsibility, participation and role modeling have a significant relationship with driving violations and explain 25.5% of its changes. Also, social responsibility has been one of the most important and strongest variables affecting traffic violations. Finally, solutions to reduce driving violations based on elements of driving culture are presented. Keywords: Driving Violations, Driving Culture and Attitude, SNAP Drivers, Sociological Approach, Sanandaj.

Historical buildings areelements of cultural inheritance of each culture and nation which trying toprotect and keep it is the generation's responsibility. Different factors causedamage to buildings . One of the harmful factors of historical building especiallybrick and dried brick buildings is Rising moisture which is the reason ofdepreciation of historical buildings. Many of researchers are also trying to beable to create a method to remove the presence of Rising moisture fromhistorical buildings.Tekih Moaven Almolk is oneof the historical buildings and tourist attractions of Kermanshah in which theclimbee moisture has been presented and appearanced there during the recentyears.according to the fact that the Rising moisture phenomenon in Tekih MoavenAlmolk is the consequence of the high ground water surface and the ground wateris made by capillarity property of this brick building, the most fundamentwayceto remove this phenomenon is decreasing the ground water level. decreasing the ground waterlevel is formed by drainaging the Tekih's earth by making drain pipe pits.In this research they haveused the studys and geotechnical reports of the place for model building of theground geometry and geo technique parameters. Tekih's geometry in modelbuilding is defined by produced plans in the place as an incorporated solid andrelated to inelastic behaviour. The amount of wall'selasticity is defined by doing Schmidt hammer test in Tekih Moaven Almolk andaccording to FEMA regulation relations in three different amounts and has beenallocated to Tekih's geometry. In this research 4 kind of site plot plan ofdrain pipe pits have been placed in three depth of 4,6 and 8 meters with threekinds of wall with different amounts of elasticity. In the process of modelbuilding of this research at first the ground becomes a model with drain pipepits and then the Tekih's building is placed on the ground and the analysis iscontinued until the form changes will be finished and then reach the ganglionicwater pressure in the Drainage Wells pits to ziro in order to do the drainageactivities.

چكيدهپايدارسازيگودبرداري ها در مناطق شهري و غير شهري به دليل تغييرشكل، ريزش، لغزش و واژگونيهاي محتمل و تأثيرات آن بر سازه هاي مستقر در نزديكي آن ها و مخاطرات مالي و جانيامري ضروري است. تسليح و پايدارسازي گودها به روش هاي متعددي صورت مي گيرد، كه دراين بين روش ميخكوبي خاك، به دليل مزاياي زياد اقتصادي و اجرايي از جايگاه ويژه ايبرخوردار است. بطور معمول در روش ميخكوبي خاك، ديوار? گود قائم و زمين بالادست تختاست. اما، گاهاً   به علت محدوديت ها، شرايطاقتصادي و محسنات زيبايي اجراي گود ها با هندسه هاي ديگر، مطلوب و يا ملزوم ميباشد. كه در اين شرايط تغيير هندس? گود و زمين بالادست، رفتار گود و شالود?بالادست آن را تحت تأثير قرار خواهد داد. از اين رو، در پژوهش حاضر، به مطالع?تأثيرات هندسي (هندس? پله بندي) بر عملكرد آن ها پرداخته شده است. به اين منظور،يك گود به ارتفاع 4 متر، كه در حالت مرجع داراي هندس? معمول ديوار? قائم و خاكريزتخت مي باشد، با مقياس 10/1 و شرايط كرنش مسطح در آزمايشگاه مدلسازي شده و پس ازمقايس? نتايج حاصل از مدلسازي فيزيكي با مدل هاي عددي متناظر و صحت سنجي آن ها،مدلسازي عددي در مقياس واقعي و با هندسه هاي مختلف (شامل پله بندي ديواره) موردمطالعه قرار گرفته است. مدلسازي فيزيكي گود، با استفاده از خاك ماس? شمار? 161فيروزكوه با وزن مخصوص خشك 1.49 گرم بر سانتي متر مكعب و 6 درصد رطوبت، ميخ ها وديوار? آلومينيومي و نيز يك پي نواري فولادي به عرض 8 و ضخامت 1 سانتي متر انجامشده است. شالوده پس از اتمام گودبرداري تا حد ظرفيت باربري تحت بار استاتيكيمتمركز قرار مي گيرد. مدلسازي هاي عددي كوچك مقياس و بزرگ مقياس نيز، در شرايطكرنش مسطح و با دو مدل رفتاري موهركولمب و خاك سخت شونده براي مصالح خاكي و باشرايط يكسان و متناظر با مدل هاي فيزيكي ساخته شده اند. نتايج حاصله نشان ازتأثيرات مثبت تغييرات هندسي و علي الخصوص پله بندي و كاهش زاوي? شيب ديواره، برعملكرد گود و پي نواري استقرار يافته در همسايگي آن دارند. تأثير پله بندي عمدتاًبه صورت افزايش پايداري ديوار? گود، كاهش تغييرمكان افقي ديواره، كاهش نشست پينواري و بهبود ظرفيت باربري آن و همچنين كاهش نشست هاي رخ داده در كف گود مي باشد.در شرايط احداث دو پله تغييرات بهتري نسبت به حالت يك پله اي ايجاد مي شود. اين درحالي است كه، تغيير هندس? زمين بالادست گود و افزايش زاوي? آن، تنها ظرفيت باربريپي نواري را بهبود بخشيده است. همچنين، نتايج حاصل نشان مي دهند كه، تأثيراتتغييرات هندسي در حالت استفاده از مدل رفتاري موهركولمب، با شدت و دامن? بيشتريايجاد مي شوند و تغيير شكل ها در حالت اين مدل، از مقادير مربوط به مدل رفتاري خاكسخت شونده بسيار بزرگ تر مي باشند، كه با كاهش زاوي? شيب ديواره (ديواره ها) نتايجتغييرشكل نهايي دو مدل رفتاري مورد استفاده براي مصالح خاكي به يكديگر نزديك تر وحتي برابر مي شود. اين امر مستقل از مقادير بدست آمده براي پايداري است، كه مستقلاز مدل رفتاري بوده و براي هر دو مدل رفتاري مورد استفاده برابر مي باشند.كلمات كليدي : گودبرداري، ميخكوبي خاك، پله بندي،هندس? گود، مدلسازي فيزيكي، مدل رفتاري     

   Abstract: Objective: Because site studies require speculation and field sampling as well as subsequent experiments, these factors are possible at a high cost and time. Therefore, an attempt has been made to find ways that can be effective in identifying the parameters of the site structure (shear wave velocity and thickness of subsurface layers) while having acceptable accuracy. The main objectives of this study are to rely on these new methods that use surface wave analysis instead of traditional methods (speculation and multiple experiments) to be able to estimate the exitations on the bedrock from the recorded exitations on the ground. This bed provides the basis for the final analysis of the site effect and ground type according to seismic standards. Research methodology: The method of work is to measure the environmental vibrations in the site (in this study, Ker-1, Ker-2 seismic stations in Kermanshah city) using microtremor devices that can simultaneously record three seismic components. In the next step, the recorded H / V curve of the recorded vibrations is plotted, then by using the inverse of the H / V curve, the velocity and thickness of the subsurface layers are estimated. In this case, it has been tried to consider the necessary parameters using previous studies, and then by solving the governing equations, the vibrations on the bedrock are estimated. Results: In this study, the dominant frequency in Kerm-1 and Kerm-2 stations was obtained. This finding can be very effective and reliable in analyzing the effect of earthquake on various structures with different frequencies. Also, using the analysis of shear wave velocity profile and the thickness of the bed layers as well as the depth of bedrock placement have been calculated. Conclusion: HVRS method can be an effective and efficient method for estimating site characteristics, determining the predominant frequency of the site and also estimating the magnification of the earthquake caused by the site effect. Due to the low cost and time compared to traditional methods, it can be very efficient in micro-zoning of large areas.

The environment is constantly exposed to various pollutants. Oil pollution is one of the pollutions that can lead to irreparable damage to the environment. Every day, a large amount of petroleum products enter the environment in various ways, including oil extraction, tra  ortation, leakage from storage tanks and pipelines. In addition, oil pollution affects the mechanical, chemical and dynamic properties of the soil. Changing the geotechnical properties of the soil is an important issue for structures adjacent to or on contaminated oil soil that can cause cracking or increase soil resistance. Investigating and evaluating the velocity of waves in soil structure can provide useful and significant information about the behavior of small soil strains to researchers and engineers. Since the behavior of many structures and foundations during dynamic loads is in the range of small strains, the study and calculation of parameters representing the behavior of small strains of soil has been of great importance for civil engineers. The importance and value of oil industry structures in Iran, as one of the active countries among oil exporting countries and also as a country with a high level of seismicity, has led to the importance of conducting research in order to improve the design level and accuracy of structures exposed to pollution.In the present study, the basic concepts of wave propagation in contiguous environments a digitally controlled triaxial testing apparatus was utilized as a host device and equipped by two Bender Elements, under different confining pressures to measure the shear wave velocity and finally identify the shear modulus of clay contaminated with crude oil with different percentages of contamination and to compare them with non-oil contaminated clay soils on small-strain range.  

Abstract : Every year, human losses and irreparable economic catastrophes caused by earthquakes in different parts of the world are imposed on nations. Population growth and improved quality of life have led to an increase in the number of buildings and urban infrastructure, as well as an increase in public demand, which directly and indirectly increases the likelihood of various damages due to major earthquakes. In the meantime, the excavations located in the city and the effects of their existence on other adjacent structures are not ineffective in increasing the probability of various damages. The aim of this study was to investigate the two-dimensional combination of topographic effects and soil characteristics on the seismic response of excavations and adjacent structures. For this purpose, 48 hollow models with different geometric conditions of rectangular and trapezoidal shape located on the bedrock as well as a layer of sediments with 4 different impedance ratios were evaluated. The geometry of the rectangular pits was considered in 5 aspect ratios and the trapezoidal pits were considered in 5 different angles. It should be noted that parametric studies have been performed using two softwares. First, hybrid software is used to evaluate the seismic response of the structure by combining the finite element method in the near field and the boundary component method in the distant field Then, using Abacus software, the accuracy of the results is checked. In each of the excavation models, first the critical points were determined under the influence of the various factors mentioned and then the behavior of these points were analyzed and evaluated more and more comprehensively. Finally, practical diagrams for engineering uses are presented so that the spectral response of the pits can be estimated in a simple way Also, in order to improve seismic regulations in order to reduce the damage caused in the known conditions, the results can be used to complete seismic geotechnical studies.   

  رمبندگي خاك به ريزش و كاهش حجم ناگهاني خاك در موقع اشباع شدن آن اطلاق مي­شود. خاك­هاي رمبنده مناطق وسيعي معادل 15 درصد توده‌هاي قاره‌اي جهان را شامل شده است. خاك­هاي رمبنده در مناطق خشك و نيمه­خشك جغرافيايي از جمله ايران مشكلات بيشتري ايجاد مي­كنند. پديد? رمبندگي زماني اهميت مي­يابد كه نفوذ آب­هاي سطحي، نشت آب از لوله­ها، بالا آمدن سطح آب زير­  hy;زميني، باعث اشباع شدن خاك رمبنده شود و تغيير حجم ناگهاني خاك براي ابنيه احداثي مجاور آن خطر آفرين باشد. آلاينده­  hy  hy  hy;هاي زيست محيطي فراواني مانندNa2SO4   و   H2 SO4   وجود دارند كه مي­توانند با نفوذ در خاك، به مرور باعث تغييرات عمد? خصوصيات فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك­ از جمله شاخص رمبندگي آن   شوند.بر اساس استاندارد ASTM D5333-03 شاخص رمبندگي ، شاخصي است كه به­ منظور تعيين بزرگي رمبندگي خاك حين اشباع شدن نمونه در تنش سربار 200 كيلوپاسكال در دستگاه ادومتر ارزيابي مي­شود. هدف از انجام اين پژوهش، بررسي تأثير جابه­جايي ترتيب لايه­هاي رسي و ماسه­اي بر تغييرات شاخص رمبندگي خاك رمبنده طبيعي در حضور نمك سولفات سديم و سولفوريك اسيد است.در اين پژوهش خاك ماسه‌اي و رسي از محل فروچاله عظيم روستاي كِردآباد همدان تهيه شد. پس از تفكيك ريزدانه و درشت دانه خاك‌ها، نمونه‌ها در سه حالت تك لايه ماسه‌اي، دو لايه و سه لايه با چينش‌هاي مختلف لايه‌اي با وزن‌هاي مخصوص 3/1 و 5/1 و 7/1 گرم بر سانتي‌مترمربع درون رينگ‌هاي پنج سانتي‌متري دستگاه ادومتري تهيه شد و طبق استاندارد ASTMD5333-03 مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. سپس به مقدار 4 و 8   درصد وزني به نمونه‌ها نمك سولفات سديم اضافه شد و مجدداً طبق روال قبل، شاخص رمبندگي نمونه‌ها اندازه‌گيري شد. براي اشباع سازي نمونه‌ها در تنش 200 كيلو پاسكال هم از آب خالص و هم از اسيد سولفوريك رقيق با غلظت يك مولار استفاده شد.با انجام تعداد قابل توجهي آزمايش تعيين شاخص رمبندگي مشخص شد وجود نمك سولفات سديم در نمون? تك لايه خاك ماسه طبيعي، شاخص رمبندگي را به شدت افزايش مي‌دهد. به طوري‌كه بيشترين شاخص رمبندگي در بين تمام نمونه‌هاي اين پژوهش، در خاك ماسه‌اي تك لايه حاوي 8 درصد وزني سولفات سديم با شاخص رمبندگي 80/24 درصد اتفاق افتاده است. همچنين وجود يك لاي? رسي حاوي آهك به علاوه 4 درصد تا 8 درصد وزني نمك سولفات سديم بين لاي? ماسه حاوي سولفات سديم، شاخص رمبندگي را   به مقدار قابل توجهي كاهش مي‌دهد.در مورد   خاك‌هاي چند لايه شامل ماسه و رس حاوي آهك، در حالتي‌كه در نمون? دو لايه، رس بالاي ماسه قرار گيرد (چينش C-S) ودر نمونه سه لايه در حالتي‌كه ماسه مايبن دو لاي? رس قرار گيرد (چينش C-S-C)، جود نمك سولفات سديم باعث كاهش شاخص رمبندگي مي‌شود. اما در حالت چينش سه لايه در حالتي‌كه رس بين دو لايه ماسه قرار مي‌گيرد (چينش (S-C-S، وجود نمك سولفات سديم در نمونه‌ها منجر به افزايش شاخص رمبندگي مي‌شود.كلمات كليدي: شاخص رمبندگي، سيستم چند لايه خاك، وزن مخصوص خشك خاك، نمك سولفات سديم، سولفوريك اسيد، آهك

   اين حقيقت كه زلزله، خرابي گسترده‌اي در نواحي خاص و خرابي‌هاي جزئي در ديگر نقاط بوجود مي‌آورد، مويد اهميت اثرات محلي ساختگاه مي‌باشد. اثر چينه‌شناسي محلي و مورفولوژي محلي بر شدت حركت زمين و آسيب زلزله، سالهاي زيادي است كه توسط محققين مورد توجه قرارگرفته است. مصالح لايه سطحي زمين از سنگ بستر تا آبرفت تشكيل شده از مصالح درشت‌دانه و ريزدانه در مقابل امواج لرزه‌زا واكنش‌هاي متفاوتي دارند. رسوبات سست و نرم عموما بيش از سنگ‌هاي سخت، دامنه ارتعاشات را افزايش مي‌دهند. علاوه بر آن هندسه يا اثرات توپوگرافي ساختگاه مي‌تواند عامل مهمي در بزرگنمايي و يا كوچك‌نمايي ارتعاشات ناشي از زلزله باشد. بنابراين اثرات ساختگاهي مي‌تواند تاثير بسزايي بر كليه مشخصات مهم حركت نيرومند زمين از جمله دامنه، محتواي فركانسي و مدت زمان حركت نيرومند داشته باشد. لذا تعيين اثرساختگاه به عنوان يكي از مهمترين مراحلي كه بايد در مطالعات ريزپهنه‌بندي و طراحي سازه‌هاي مقاوم در برابر زلزله انجام گيرد شناخته مي‌شود؛ همچنين تلاش براي پيدانمودن مناسب‌ترين روش جهت كاهش خطرات ناشي از آن وظيفه يك مهندس زلزله يا ژئوتكنيك است. امروزه كاملا آشكار است كه اثرات ساختگاهي دو و سه‌بعدي، پاسخ لرزه‌اي سطح زمين و توزيع خسارت ناشي از زمين‌لرزه را به شدت تحت تاثير قرار مي‌دهد، اما برخلاف روشن شدن اهميت اثرات ساختگاهي چند‌بعدي در اغلب آيين‌نامه‌هاي طراحي مقاوم در برابر زلزله؛ هنوز تنها اثرات ساختگاهي يك‌بعدي كه بيانگر خصوصيات ژئوتكنيكي ساختگاه و عدم درنظر‌گيري اثر خصوصيات هندسي و توپوگرافي است را در پارامتر‌هاي حركت لرزه‌اي زمين مورد توجه قرار مي‌گيرند. در اين پژوهش علاوه بر مطالعات ميداني انجام شده، به منظور درك واقعي اثرساختگاه بر ميزان خرابي منطقه‌فولادي و مسكن‌مهر، واقع در بخش غربي شهرستان سرپل‌ذهاب براي نخستين بار پس از زلزله مخرب و تاريخي   آبان ، 9 گمانه شناسايي تا عمق متري، جهت شناسايي ژئوتكنيكي مسير، حفاري، و ساختار زيرسطحي زمين به طول تقريبي 300 متر در هر منطقه و(منطقه فولادي در دو راستا) به عمق

زمين لرزه يكي از بلاياي طبيعي است كه جوامع بشري همواره با آن روبرو هستند.   برخي نواحي روي كره زمين به دليل نزديك بودن با مرز هاي صفحه هاي پوسته زمين، داراي لرزه خيزي بيشتري نسبت به بقيه مناطق هستند. ايران نيز كشوري است كه به دليل قرار گيري روي كمربند آلپايد داراي لرزه خيزي بالايي است. زلزله 21 آبان   ازگله يكي از زلزله هاي مهم در منطقه زاگرس مي‌باشد كه خسارت هاي جاني و مالي بسياري را به بار آورد، از اين رو مطالعه و بحث در مورد اين زلزله از اهميت زيادي برخوردار است. در اين متن، مطالعات و نتايج آنها كه در مورد ساختگاه شهر سرپل ذهاب انجام گرفته مورد بحث قرار ميگيرند. مطالعاتي از جمله: پروفيل سرعت موج برشي براي نقاط مختلف شهر بدست آمده است. در برخي نقاط به صورت آرايه‌اي با تركيب سه روش F-K ، روش SPAC و روش HVTFA و در بقيه نقاط به صورت تك نقطه اي با استفاده از روش HVTFA و با كمك گرفتن از نتايج آرايه‌اي بدست آمده اند. نتايج برخي نقاط با نتايج حاصل از نزديكترين نقاطي كه توسط پژوهشگاه بين المللي زلزله شناسي و مهندسي زلزله با روش ژئوسايزميك انكساري بدست آمده بودند مقايسه شده‌اند. نقشه هاي مربوط به ريز پهنه بندي فركانسي شهر، تيپ بندي نوع خاك بر اساس نظريه vs30   و نيز نقشه هاي مربوط به ساختار لايه هاي زير زمين از جمله نقشه هاي عمق سنگ بستر هوازده و سالم مهندسي و همچنين نقشه ميانگين سرعت لايه هاي رسوبي روي سنگ بستر كه با استفاده از اطلاعات بيش از 80 برداشتي كه انجام شده، بدست آمده و نقشه آنها ارائه شده است.

  Due to increased energy consumption and

در حوزه‌ي عمران و به خصوص شاخه‌ي ژئوتكنيك پي‌ها از اهميت بسيار بالايي برخوردار هستند. از اين‌رو در چند دهه‌ي اخير، نوعِ جديدي از پي‌ها به‌نامِ پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي مطرح شده‌اند كه در تحقيقاتِ انجام گرفته نشان داده شده‌است داراي عملكردي مناسب‌تر در زمينه‌ي ظرفيت باربري و نشستِ مجاز در مقايسه با ساير پي‌ها مي‌باشند. در اين پژوهش نيز، قصد شده است تا با مدل‌سازيِ فيزيكي و عدديِ چندين نمونه از پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي بر روي خاك ماسه‌اي و با در نظر گرفتنِ دو پارامترِ عمق مدفونِ پي و مسلح‌سازيِ نمونه‌ي خاك توسط ژئوگريد، مقايسه‌اي بينِ ميزان و چگونگي فرآيندِ نشست در پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي با پي‌هاي تختِ صورت گيرد تا ابعاد جديدي از خصوصيات وعملكرد اين‌گونه پي‌ها مشخص شود.   در مدل‌سازيِ فيزيكي، سه نمونه پي پوسته‌اي هرمي با زواياي رأس 120، 90 و 60 درجه و يك نمونه پي تختِ مربعي به‌عنوان نمونه‌ي شاهد، همچنين سه نمونه پي پوسته‌اي مخروطي با زواياي رأس 120، 90 و 60 درجه و يك نمونه پي تختِ دايروي به‌عنوان نمونه‌ي شاهد بر روي ماسه‌ي 161 فيروزكوه، در قالبِ 32 آزمايشِ متفاوت درون يك جعبه‌ي آزمايشگاهي تحت بارگذاري قرار گرفتند. اين آزمايشات بر اساس دو پارامترِ عمقِ مدفونِ پي و عمق مدفونِ ژئوگريد به 4 دسته تقسيم مي‌شوند؛ دسته‌ي اول شاملِ پي‌هايي است كه بر رويِ سطحِ خاك قرار دارند و عمق مدفونشان صفر است، همچنين خاك غير‌مسلح است. دسته‌ي دوم در عمقِ مدفوني برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي و در خاكي غيرمسلح قرار دارند. دسته‌ي سوم دارايِ عمق مدفون صفر هستند اما   بر روي خاك مسلح با عمقِ ژئوگريد برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي مي‌باشند و دسته‌ي آخر كه در عمقِ مدفونِ نصف عرض پي قرار گرفته و عمقِ ژئوگريدِ خاكِ مسلح برابر با نصفِ عرضِ پي از زير سطحِ پي مي‌باشد. همچنين تماميِ تست‌ها به‌صورت عددي در نرم‌افزار آباكوس مدل‌سازي مي‌شوند.    به صورت خلاصه نتايجِ حاصل شده از 32 تست آزمايشگاهي و مدل‌سازي‌هاي عددي متناظر با آن‌ها، از اين قرار مي‌باشد: 1. در حالتي كه پي‌ها روي سطحِ خاكِ غيرمسلح قرار دارند، بارِ گسيختگي نهايي براي پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي از پي‌هاي تخت بيشتر است؛ اگرچه ميزان نشستِ كمتري را نشان مي‌دهند. 2. همواره با مدفون كردنِ پي‌ها و مسلح‌سازيِ خاك، بارِ گسيختگي نهايي افزايش و نشست كاهش مي‌يابد. در اين حالت بار گيسختگي نهاييِ پي‌هاي تخت از پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي بيشتر و ميزان نشست‌ِ آن‌ها به يكديگر نزديك مي‌شود. 3. پارامترِ مسلح‌سازيِ خاك در ترازِ نصفِ عرضِ پي از روي سطح خاك نسبت به مدفون كردن پي‌ها در عمقِ نصف عرضِ پي از سطح خاك، تأثير بيشتري در كاهشِ نشست و افزايشِ بار گسيختگيِ نهايي از خود نشان مي‌دهد.          4. در تماميِ حالات، بار گسيختگيِ نهايي پي‌هاي پوسته‌اي هرمي از همتايِ مخروطيِ خود بيشتر و نشستِ آن‌ها كمتر است.

اين تحقيق به منظور نشان دادن تاثير زواياي گوشه و هندسه گودبرداري بر روي تغييرشكل­ ها و سطوح گسيختگي اطراف گود ميخ­ گذاري شده، انجام شده­است. در اكثر تحقيقات صورت گرفته به بررسي و تحليل عناصر پايدارسازي ديواره‌ي گود با فرض كرنش مسطح و به‌صورت مسئله دوبعدي پرداخته شده­ است، حال آن‌كه مسئله‌ي پايداري در گوشه‌هاي گود و اثرات هندسه و شكل گود از جمله موضوعات مهم و تاثيرگذار بر پايداري و كنترل تغييرشكل‌ها و سطوح گسيختگي مي­ باشد. در اين تحقيق از نرم‌افزار اجزاء‌محدود Abaqus CAE-2016 استفاده شده و مدل­رفتاري مورد استفاده در اين تحقيق موهر-كولمب در نظر گرفته شده ­است. عمده تمركز اين تحقيق بر تغييرشكل سه ­بعدي گود و نشان دادن اثر گوشه‌ي گود است به همين منظور بررسي تغييرشكل‌هاي افقي و قائم گود و سطوح گسيختگي آن انجام ‌مي‌گردد. در اين تحقيق براي بررسي اثر هندسه و گوشه گود، 4 حالت مختلف براي گوشه گود در نظر گرفته ‌شده ­است؛ حالت گود مقعر با زاويه­ ي گوشه 60درجه، 90درجه، 120 درجه و حالت گود محدب با زاويه ­ي گوشه 270 درجه؛ كه براي هر كدام از حالت‌هاي ذكر شده از سه مدول الاستيسيته مختلف براي ميخ‌ها بررسي گرديده كه بتوان تاثير همزمان بازدارندگي گوشه گود را با تغيير مدول الاستيسيته ميخ‌ها بررسي كرد. با استفاده از تحليل­هاي عددي اثر مدول الاستيسيته و اثر زاويه گوشه گود بر‌روي تغييرمكان‌ها و نشست‌هاي ايجاد شده با فاصله گرفتن از سطح ديواره‌ي ميخ‌گذاري شده و تغييرشكل ديواره گود در گوشه‌هاي گود با ديوار ميخ‌گذاري شده و محل سطوح گسيختگي بحراني در حالت سرويس مورد ارزيابي قرار مي‌گيرد. در اين تحقيق بار سرويس متشكل از بار يكنواخت 135kpa بر روي سطح كل گودبرداري است. كه نتايج كلي مشهود از اين تحقيق، تاثير بازدارندگي گوشه‌هاي گود مقعر مي باشد، به‌طوري كه هرچه گوشه گود داراي زاويه‌ي كمتري باشد اين تاثير بازدارندگي در نشست‌هاي سطحي و تغييرمكان افقي ديواره­ي گود بيشتر است اما با كم شدن بيشتر زاويه گوشه اين تغييرات كمتر شده و بهينه نيست، بهترين زاويه كه تاثير بازدارندگي بهينه را دارد زاويه 90 درجه مي­باشد. براي حالت محدب عكس اين موضوع اتفاق مي‌افتد و اثر تحدب در گوشه باعث ناپايداري در گود افزايش در مقدار نشست‌ها خواهد­شد. تاثير سختي ميخ‌ها نيز مشابه تاثير گوشه گود است به طوري كه با افزايش سختي، كاهش در مقدار نشست‌هاي سطحي و تغييرمكان افقي ديواره­ ي گودبرداري مشهود مي‌گردد. در حالت محدب كه گود به حالت ناپايداري نزديك مي‌شود مي توان با ميخ‌هايي با سختي زياد اين اثر افزايش نشست را   تا حدود زيادي كاهش داد. كرنش­ هاي برشي پلاستيك باعث ايجاد 2ناحيه در گودبرداري مي­گردد،­ با نزديك شدن به گوشه گود، ناحيه 2 كه ناحيه­ اي فعال و محرك است به تدريج از ناحيه 1 كوچك‌تر شده و گود پايدارتر مي­گردد، اين اثر زاويه گوشه بر روي گوه­ هاي گسيختگي به اين شكل است كه با كوچك‌تر شدن زاويه گوشه تا 90درجه اين تاثير چشم گير است اما با كاهش بيشتر آن تغيير زيادي نسبت به مدل 90درجه مشاهده نمي­ گردد. براي حالت محدب نيز گوه­ هاي گسيختگي بسيار به لبه گود نزديك شده و حالت بحراني رخ مي­ دهد.

Effects of bed stiffness on the seismic response of earthdams ,case study jamishan dam

تثبيت خاك رس نرم با استفاده از پسماند صنعتي آهك و سيليكات سديم

  AbstractIn the last three decades the use of geosynthetic materials for retaining walls and reinforcing slopes has increased significantly throughout the world. These materials have a very wide range of geotechnical engineering works due to their properties including corrosion and rust resistance, durability, flexibility and so on. The use of geosynthetics increases the resisting forces in the soil mass through tensile forces mobilized in these elements. As a result, there is a reduction in horizontal deformations and an increase in the general stability of soil structures. Geogrid is a member of the geosynthetic family, which is widely used for reinforcing due to the high rigidity and tensile strength and more interactions with soil particles. In the recent decades, several experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on soil reinforced by different types of materials. Recently A new type of geosynthetics called grid-anchor has been introduced to increase the load capacity of soil soils. Grid-anchor is made by changing the structure of the typical and adding polymeric anchors to it. Grid-anchor has great pullout strength than the common geogrid when it deals with the sandy soil. The basic difference between common geogrids and grid-anchor is existence of short anchors attached to the geogrid on one side which provides great pullout strength for grid-anchor that This can improve the performance of most of the structures that are reinforced with it. In this research, A series of model tests has been carried out to evaluate the effect of using grid-anchor on performance of soil reinforced retaining walls to evaluate the effects of offset distance of a strip footing on lateral displacements of the wall facing and bearing capacity of strip footing. The results of this study showing that by using of Greid Anchor to reinforcing retaining wall can be increase bearing capacity 5.6 time more than unreinforced condition and 1.5 time more than increase toward arming with Geogrid. Furthermor, The Greid Anchor can reduce the side walls displacement of the wall by 65% compared to unreinforced condition and 16% relative than the reinforcing position with the Geogrid. Also, the highest BCR(Bearing capacity ratio) in the distance b= 0.1H and the lowest amount WDR( wall displacement ratio) in the distance b= 0.4H toward by the edge of the wall.

Overpopulation in metro-polices has led to a space reduction in the cities and a tendency to use underground spaces. Underground structures, especially in cities with large populations, are built for various needs. Different solutions have been proposed for traffic problems; some of the most important of these solutions include the building subways, intersections, urban trains, and etc. Contrary to popular belief that the earthquake impacts on underground structures and tunnels are trivial, there are many cases in science research in recent years that show the significance of earthquake destruction effects on these structures. With the disclosure of the importance of the presence of underground spaces on the seismic response at the Earths surface in this regard, the researchers paid attention to studying analytical, numerical and physical modeling. Considering with seismicity of the Kermanshah city, I have tried to by using finite element ABAQUS software study the effect of earthquake on the site condition of Kermanshah metro tunnel by defining the suitable nonlinear behavior for materials used in modeling. Each one of BH-7, BH-8 and BH-9 bore holes have been analyzed in 3 different steps: first, Frequency analysis, then free field analysis (without tunnel), and finally the main model. The results derived from the time historical analysis of the three BH-7, BH-8 and BH-9 bore holes show that the maximum amplification occurs in the BH-9 borehole which is the most critical borehole in terms of amplification received waveforms on the earth surface. Although the maximum amplification occurs in the BH-9 borehole, the highest maximum stress occurs in the tunnel cover at the site of the BH-8 borehole due to the location of this borehole which is near the bedrock. On the all, the amount of damage on the dependent tunnels depends on the geotechnical characteristics of the layers, the content and intensity of the earthquake record, the amplification that occur in the soil profile, the amount of tunnel overhead, the strength of the forming materials covering the tunnel with concrete and the type and the distance from the bedrock.

<  gt;بررسي عددي ظرفيت باربري ديناميكي شالوده هاي نواري واقع بر روي شيب مسلح </P>

Current design of Geo­ synthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls, shows that the horizontal deformations in the walls increases rapidly with height. To take advantage of both the aesthetics and the economics of GRS walls while considering high heights, multi-tiered walls are often used. In this context, 12 models of the walls were constructed and their performance was determined under static loading. This study presents a series of model tests on the GRS walls in a tiered configuration, to evaluate the effects of factors, including the offset distance between adjacent tiers and number of tiers, on the lateral displacements of the wall facing and ultimate bearing capacities of the strip footings on the multi-tiered GRS walls. The ultimate bearing capacity and wall deflection can be significantly improved by increasing the number of tiers wall and increase of tier-offset. Interaction between the upper and lower walls significantly influences the tier-offset, and the interaction between the walls, significantly increase in the horizontal deformation in the wall face for the upper wall. With an increase in the offset distance, the lateral displacement decreased significantly, particularly in the upper tier. The experimental results showed that, the Performance in Four layers of reinforcement, and two tier walls, the optimum offset distance obtained for D/H= 0.35. When the offset becomes significantly large, each tier functions independently.  KeywordsGeogrid, Retaining walls, Multi-tiered configuration, offset distance    

  Usually pile foundatios in addition to vertical load, because of some reasons such as earthquake force, wind effects, sea waves and soil pressure affected under the influence of considerable horizontal forces. Although the applied load to pile foundations is usually a combination of vertical and lateral components, there have been few investigations on the behavior of piles subjected to combined loadings. In common methods of pile design, due to the complexity of the analysis of piles under combined load and interaction between them, the analysis of piles under combined load is ignored. This matter is acceptable if the lateral load applied to the piles was small but for lateral loads with larger quantities, study the effects of applied combined vertical and lateral loads seems necessary.In this study the influence of vertical loads on the   lateral response of a 3×3 group pile for piles used in Arvand jahan ara steel making plant located in khoramshahr that connected together by a concrete cap is studied through finite element analysis. The analysis focus on the three piles in the middle row of pile group. The response of piles to pure lateral loads was first evaluated and then the response of piles to combined loads is examined for different values of vertical loads. The soil profile contains five layers and the Mohr-Coulomb model was adopted to simulate the behavior of soil. The piles are modelled as Linear-elastic material.The results have shown that increases in horizontal soil stresses around the piles is the main affective factor in changing the lateral response of pile group under combined loads. The effect of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles depends on the pile position. The vertical loads lead to increase in the horizontal bearing capacity of piles and thus lead to more economical design of pile foundations. Bending moment and shear force values in the piles under lateral load shown that the values of these parameters also depends on the value of vertical loads applied to the piles.

راه‌ها به منظور دسترسي يا حمل ونقل احداث مي‌گردند. نظر به اين كه شرايط محيطي همچون كوه، تپه، دره، تقاطع، تغيير مسير به نقاط موردنظر و ... در راه اعمال مي‌شود، بنابراين راه ديگر نمي‌تواند فقط يك مسير مستقيم باشد، بلكه به شكل‌هاي هندسي متفاوتي درمي‌آيد. به همين دليل است كه نياز به يك طرح هندسي مطلوب احساس مي‌شود. امروزه افزايش ايمني راه ها به يكي از معضلات مهم كشورهاي در حال توسعه در بخش حمل و نقل و اقتصاد تبديل شده است و از اين رو در سال هاي اخير تحقيقات قابل توجهي در سراسر دنيا براي درك ارتباط بين تعداد تصادفات، حجم ترافيك عبوري، مشخصات هندسي مسير و عوامل محيطي در قالب مدل هاي پيش بيني تعداد تصادفات انجام پذيرفته است. اين مدل ها ابزاري قوي در تحليل تصادفات محسوب مي‌گردند كه در شناسايي و تحليل نقاط حادثه خيز در جاده هاي برون شهري به كار گرفته مي شوند. استفاده از مدل هاي پيش بيني كه بر اساس روش هاي دقيق آماري و اطلاعات راه ها و تصادفات بدست مي‌آيند، نه تنها در ارزيابي اصلاحات هندسي و مديريتي راه موثر واقع مي شوند بلكه شناسايي نقاط حادثه خيز را آسان و قابل بررسي مي نمايد. كمربندي شهرستان ايلام همه ساله مسيري اصلي براي تردد زائران حسيني به سمت مرز مهران واقع شده كه بر اهميت مطالعات بر روي مسير كمربندي شرقي مي افزايد. در اين تحقيق تلاش شده است با استفاده از بانك اطلاعاتي شهرستان ايلام، داده‌ها جمع آوري و مدلي ارائه شود، تا ميزان تاثير پارامتر هاي موثر طرح هندسي و همچنين كاربري هاي اطراف مسير بر ايمني جاده هاي برون شهري بررسي شود. در كنار جاده ها زمين‌هايي كه وجود دارند با كاربري‌هاي متفاوت مي‌باشند كه تأثير آن بر ايمني بررسي خواهد شد. در اطراف جاده ها مي‌تواند مكان هاي متفاوت با كاربري‌هاي مختلف وجود داشته باشد كه باعث تعامل و رفت و آمد مراجعان مي شود. اين رفت و آمد مراجعين سبب بروز عواملي چون ترافيك شده كه با توجه به راه طراحي شده و ويژگي هاي طرح هندسي راه مي‌تواند سبب ايمن بودن طرح يا بروز تصادفات رانندگي شود كه بايد براي مسيرهاي خطرناك يا پرتردد تعابير مهندسي لازم را در نظر داشت. بدين منظور متغيرهاي تاثير گذار و وابسته كه ايمني جاده مي باشد جهت پردازش آناليزهاي لازم انتخاب خواهد شد و بررسي هاي لازم و شرح ارتباط ميان ايمني جاده يا متغير وابست? تحقيق حاضر با ويژگي هاي طرح هندسي راه و كاربري هاي زمين هاي اطراف جاده صورت مي‌پذيرد سپس در ادام? بررسي حاضر به ارائه مدلي با بسط موارد ايمني راه، كاربري اطراف جاده و طرح هندسي پرداخته خواهد شد بطوريكه بصورت موازن? سه پارامتر را دربرگيرد. سپس بر اساس آمارگيري و برداشت‌هاي ميداني در محورهاي كمربندي شرقي ايلام و تكميل اطلاعات لازم، مدل كاليبره و ارائه خواهد شد.  

ثبتيت خاك ماسه اي آلوده به نفت خام با استفاده از سيمان و پودر شيشه بازيافتي

مطالعه عددي تاثير عملكرد قوسي در پايداري گودبرداري عميق با سيستم شمع نگهبان

بهسازي خاك هاي ماسه اي بوسيله ي رسوب ميكروبي كلسيت

  Choosing an appropriate Appropriate Retaining Structures is a key for successful completion of the each project. However, such an evaluation involves a complex decision-making process associated with numerous uncertainty factors, imprecise information and judgments. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS widely applied to evaluate alternatives related to multiple decision criteria. Nevertheless, the AHP and TOPSIS are incapable of dealing with the inherent subjectivity and ambiguity existing in the mapping of the decision-maker’s judgment to exact numerical values.in this Research , using FAHP and FTOPSIS trying to be an appropriate Appropriate Retaining Structures to be determined. . A case study about the use of these methods is also provided. The results demonstrate the applicability of the methods that can be used for effectively evaluating alternatives

  Small strain shear modulus of the soil dynamic parameters in geotechnical science is the foundation design and liquefaction assessment and dynamic loadings and other issues play a major role.This parameter can be measured and calculated by field research experiments or in the laboratory using a borehole or bender elements or column resonance, etc…Factors affecting the shear modulus can be confining pressure, void ratio, the average grain size and shape and arrangement of the particles noted.In this study, the experimental approach using bender elements; the influence of grain size on shear wave velocity and therefore the shear modulus dry sandy soils under pressure from all sides at different frequencies investigated.The results indicate that the shear modulus is sensitive to changes in grain size, as in a range of dimensions with its increase, the shear modulus increases and decreases in other domains.The purpose of this factor, which is a measure of grain to the highest shear modulus in the range of their own. In general, sandstone samples tested for maximum shear modulus for the range is about 1 mm of dimensions.

  AbstractSoil-structure interaction effects of soil under the foundation of flexibility, relative vibrations between the foundation and the free surface arises. The inclusion of this effect and inertial forces can be a real shift system -Py-soil structures under seismic movements set free surface.Over the past three decades extensive research to characterize the soil-structure interaction effects engineering have been conducted. The results of this research in many earthquake regulations such as NEHRP, UBC, ATC,… come.Many construction requires the deep and wide excavation that the construction and operation may take several years. deep and wide excavation in an urban environment where the drilling location is surrounded by many building, it is important that the impact on the environment the vital challenge is investigation interaction between excavation and building during earthquake.Earthquake regulations have not studied this work. The aim of this thesis is investigation effect of adjust deep excavation on structural performance during earthquakeThe result for study Kermanshah hamyari building that adjust urban train excavation shown Increasing amounts of displacement, Increasing the period of the structure, Reducing the base shear.As a result excavation investigates adjacent structures is very necessary in the analysis.Key words: soil-structure interaction, deep excavation, base shear, period of first mode  

  Nowadays,it has been proven that improvement of   pavement surface texture charactristics and surface drainage condition is an important matter in safety improvement and decreasing of accidents rate specially in wet weather condition. Researches on the relationship between pavement surface charactristics and accidents rate date back to the 1960s, but there is no research done in the field of surface drainage.     This research has proposed a system that has the ability to simulate the saturated situation and assessing of pavement surface drainage with a high speed and precision.To do so, an innovative device is presented to simulate the saturation condition of pavement surface and acquire photo from drainage process of pavement surface after saturation.The proposed system is based on image processing methods.     The preprocessing and enhancement of images was performed using image processing techniques.Then the Morphological features of the images were extracted and the rate of surface drainage progress was evaluated by three indices extracted from the images. Finally, pavements were ltr">The results of the pavement surface drainage system as the first system in this field can be used in safety assessment systems in both project and network level to enhance road safety specially in wet weather condition.