Abdolhossein Parno

   Abstract Introduction: Sports performance is influenced by several physical, physiological, and psychological factors. In the field of sports, there has always been a search for performance-enhancing techniques. Most research has focused on the muscles, lungs, and heart. As a result, the importance of the brain in regulating sports performance has received less attention. Many studies have shown that the brain plays a key role in the development of fatigue and, consequently, influences sports performance. The mechanisms responsible for fatigue may be central or peripheral. The high demands placed on athletes by coaches to improve performance have increased interest in enhancing performance using new approaches. The use of techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or post-activation potentiation (PAP) protocols has become a popular topic in sports science, based on observations that they may benefit sports performance. Therefore, the researchers in the present study sought to determine the acute effects of tDCS and PAP on functional, cognitive, and perceptual parameters in trained women.    Methods: In this study, 12 trained female athletes who met the inclusion criteria participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. In a preliminary session, after subjects were introduced to the research procedures and their anthropometric characteristics were measured, their one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the barbell squat was assessed. One week later, subjects were randomly exposed to five different conditions across five separate sessions, with one week between sessions: 1) M1 anodal tDCS, 2) Sham stimulation, 3) PAP protocol, 4) PAP + tDCS, and 5) tDCS + PAP. In each session, resting blood pressure and heart rate were first measured, followed by the Stroop test and a choice reaction time test. Immediately after completing each experimental condition, the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), pleasure, arousal, pain, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded. The choice reaction time and Stroop tests were then repeated. Subsequently, subjects performed the lower-body Wingate anaerobic test, and the results were recorded. Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA with    27 software. Results: The data showed no significant differences in the changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, peak power, mean power, reaction time, pain, arousal, or RPE following the interventions (P > 0.05). For the RPE variable, the overall difference between conditions was significant; however, post-hoc tests with appropriate correction did not reveal significant pairwise differences between specific conditions (P > 0.05). For inhibitory control, the results indicated significant improvements in the tDCS and PAP+tDCS conditions (P ? 0.05). Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study suggest that acute tDCS improves the functional parameter of the fatigue index and the cognitive parameter of inhibitory control in trained women. Similarly, the combination of PAP + tDCS also improves inhibitory control. However, the PAP intervention alone did not have a significant effect on any of the variables measured. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.    Keywords: transcranial direct current stimulation, post-activation potentiation, Wingate, Stroop, fatigue

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the physical fitness indicators related to the mental health of elite veteran athletes in individual sports in Kermanshah. Methodology: This study was fundamental and employed a descriptive-correlational design with a field-based approach. The statistical population comprised elite veteran athletes in individual sports residing in Kermanshah, from whom 54 individuals were purposefully and conveniently selected. Inclusion criteria included general health, a history of national team membership or five years of competition at the highest level, and an age range of 40 to 60 years. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaires, dietary recall, the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Additionally, standard devices and tests assessed body composition parameters, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and endurance. The normality of the data was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and statistical analyses were conducted at a significance level of 0.05 using    26 software. Results: The results indicated that among elite veteran athletes in individual sports in Kermanshah, men had significantly higher cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.01), upper-body endurance (p=0.003), lower-body endurance (p=0.021), upper-body muscular strength (p<0.001), and lower-body muscular strength (p=0.0001) compared to women. However, no significant difference was observed between genders in flexibility (p=0.61). Body composition also differed, with men having a higher body mass index (p=0.008), muscle weight (p<0.001), and waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.003), whereas women had a higher percentage of body fat (p<0.001) and fat weight (p=0.048). Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of quality of life (p=0.82), mental health (p=0.17), and life satisfaction (p=0.19). Conclusion: The findings revealed significant differences in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance and strength, and body composition between men and women, while no significant difference was observed in flexibility. Men exhibited higher cardiorespiratory fitness, which can be attributed to morphological differences, body composition, and hemoglobin levels. Additionally, men had greater muscular endurance and strength, likely due to higher muscle mass and force production capacity. Body composition differences were also evident, with women having a higher body fat percentage and men having greater muscle mass. However, flexibility showed no significant difference between the two groups. These findings align with previous research and highlight the importance of considering physiological and morphological differences between genders when analyzing physical fitness characteristics.   

   Objective: This study examines the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of cortical genes Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF 1 in C57BL/6 mice with cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis. Materials and methods: In this study, 20 female mice (23±3 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=5): control, exercise, female, and exercise + female. Animals were kept as pets under suitable conditions. To model the disease with caprizone, food containing 0.2% of caprizone is given to two groups of exercise + MS and MS and two groups of exercise + MS and control + exercise for six weeks and five sessions per week. Was given, and each session was 15-60 minutes and 20-20 meters per minute of aerobic exercise. The aerobic exercise program and colonization induction were performed simultaneously. A biopsy was performed 48 hours after the last day of training. The cerebral cortex was extracted, and half of the cerebral cortex was homogenized. The tissue was analyzed for the expression of Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF1 genes by real-time PCR and the expression of Hsp 70, Hsp 110, Hsp 40, and HSF 1 proteins by western blot, and the other half of the analysis. Cortical analysis was performed for crystal violet. Coloring is used. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered (p ? 0.05). Results: Data analysis showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training significantly increases the expression of genes and proteins.

   Abstract Neck pain is one of the common problems in human societies and it causes spine injuries, disability, reduced quality of life and fear of movement. Also, neck pain causes neck abnormalities, such as forward head posture, and this condition causes postural abnormalities, discomfort, pain, and neck weakness. One of the ways to reduce neck pain is the use of massage therapy, which in recent years has been used in active release technique and myofascial release technique training methods; However, it is not known to what extent this type of exercise is useful for neck pain, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of active release and myofascial release on forward head posture, visual analogue scale (VAS), neck muscle strength, range of motion, neck proprioception, and quality of life, NDI, scale of depression, anxiety, stress, fear of tempo movement, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing in female students with non-specific chronic neck pain. In this research, 45 women patients with chronic neck pain were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people: active release exercises, myofascial release exercises, and control. Each group received a 2 weeks (6 sessions) treatment; 24 hours before the start of the pre-test exercise protocol and one day after the end of the exercise protocol, the post-test was taken. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, dependent t-test and Bonferroni's post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05 using    version 26 software. Based on the findings of the present study, there was a significant increase in quality of life data, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, strength (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), range of motion (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) and neck proprioception (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) were observed in the active release group, P<0.05. Also, in the myofascial release group in quality of life data, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, strength (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral), range of motion (flexion) , extension, left lateral and right lateral) and neck proprioception (flexion, extension, left lateral and right lateral) a significant increase was observed P<0.05. However, no significant increase was observed in the control group, and no significant effect was observed in the data of fear of tempo movement, forward head posture in any of the groups. It seems that active release and myofascial release exercises play an important role in improving quality of life, NDI, depression scale, anxiety and stress, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, VAS, neck muscle strength, range of motion, and neck proprioception. Keywords: neck pain, forward head posture, active release, myofascial release.

نقض حقوق كودكان در ورزش مبحث بسيار مهمي است كه در سال‌هاي اخير موردتوجه قرار گرفته است. اين حقوق به‌طور مكرر در محيط‌هاي ورزشي نقض مي‌شوند و پيامدهاي منفي بسياري را براي كودكان ورزشكار به وجود مي‌آورند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي موضوع نقض حقوق كودك-ورزشكاران در پرتو كنوانسيون حقوق كودك انجام گرفت. جامعه آماري تحقيق را مربيان ورزشي شاغل در هيئت­ها و باشگاه­هاي ورزشي تشكيل مي­داد. روش نمونه گيري به­صورت در دسترس بود و از پرسشنامه محقق­ساخته براي جمع­آوري داده­هاي پژوهش استفاده شد. روايي و پايايي پرسشنامه توسط 9 تن از صاحب­نظران در حوزه حقوق ورزشي و 5 نفر از مربيان به تاييد رسيد. به­منظور تجزيه و تحليل داده­هاي پژوهش از نرم­افزار ليزرل استفاده شد. نتايج نشان داد كه همه عوامل (حق بر سلامت، حق بر آموزش، حق بر تفريح ، حق بر عدم بهره‌كشي) در مدل تحليل عاملي داراي برازش مناسب و كافي بودند كه بيانگر نقش پيش­بيني كنند? اين عوامل درخصوص نقض حقوق كودك – ورزشكاران در در پرتو كنوانسيون حقوق كودك بود.   

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برگزاري باكيفيت رويدادهاي ورزشي چالشي براي فدراسيون‌ها، شهرها و سازمان­هايي است كه در تلاش­اند كيفيت برگزاري را ارتقا دهند و رضايت شركت‌كنندگان و ذينفعان را جلب كنند. هدف از اين پژوهش «تبيين مدل عوامل اجتماعي- اقتصادي موثر بر كيفيت رويدادهاي ورزشي (مطالعه موردي: المپياد ورزشي دانشجويان)» است. اين تحقيق كاربردي و از نوع توصيفي– همبستگي است   كه به شكل ميداني و با استفاده از پرسشنامه انجام پذيرفت. جامعه آماري تحقيق را كارشناسان خبره (اساتيد مديريت ورزشي، روُساي تربيت‌بدني دانشگاه‌ها، كارشناسان تربيت بدني، مربيان و ورزشكاران، با تجربه حضور در المپياد ورزشي دانشجويان) تشكيل دادند كه با توجه به نامعلوم بودن حجم جامعه آماري تعداد نمونه‌ها تا حد كفايت به روش تصادفي ساده 225 نفر انتخاب شد. ابزار گردآوري اطلاعات در اين تحقيق پرسشنامه استاندارد است كه از دو بخش تشكيل شده است. بخش اول مربوط به سئوالات جمعيت شناختي و بخش دوم شامل   پرسشنامه­هاي عوامل اجتماعي– اقتصادي (فرهادياني،1396) و پرسشنامه استاندارد كيفيت رويداد ورزشي (شانك،2006) با چهار مولفه است كه به صورت طيف 5 ارزشي ليكرت نمره‌گذاري شده‌اند. تجزيه و تحليل داده­ها‌ با استفاده از نرم‌افزار   24 و LISREL8   انجام گرفت از‌ آمار توصيفي و استنباطي (همبستگي پيرسون و مدل معادلات ساختاري) استفاده شد. نتايج يافته‌ها نشان داد ضريب مسير بين عوامل اجتماعي- اقتصادي و موُلفه‌هاي كيفيت مكان، كيفيت برگزاري، كيفيت گردشگري ورزشي و كيفيت خدمات رويداد ورزشي به ترتيب   برابر با 83/0، 86/0، 84/0 و 89/0 است. همچنين   ضريب معناداري براي اين موُلفه‌ها به ترتيب   معادل 89/9، 26/5، 47/5 و 77/5 بود. نتايج نشان داد كه عوامل اجتماعي- اقتصادي توان پيش‌بيني كيفيت رويداد ورزشي را دارند. لذا پيشنهاد ‌مي‌شود مديران برگزاري المپيادهاي ورزشي دانشجويي از مدل ارائه شده در اين تحقيق جهت ارتقاء كيفيت رويداد ورزشي دانشجويي استفاده كنند.     

   This study investigated the effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on the antioxidant capacity and muscle damage indicators responses to exhausting aerobic activity in non-athletic men. In this clinical trial, 24 young non-athlete men were randomly divided into two grou   vitamin D supplements ((n=12); daily intake of 2000 IU for 6 weeks) and placebo ((n=12); daily intake of placebo for 6 weeks). EAE was performed on the treadmill twice before and after six weeks of supplementation. Blood samples were taken at 4 stages before and after the first EAE protocol (pre-test 1, post-test 1) and before and after the second EAE protocol (pre-test 2, post-test 2). After six weeks of vitamin D supplementation, following the second EAE lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP), antioxidant capacity (SOD, CAT, GPX, and POD), and vitamin D levels increased significantly in both groups (within-group comparison of Per 2 and Post 2). In addition, there was a significant increase in the quality of life (P = 0.021) and time of exercise (P = 0.045) in the vitamin D supplementation group rather than placebo. It seems that short-term vitamin D supplementation plays an important role in improving the response of markers of antioxidant capacity, muscle damage, and liver enzymes to EAE and increasing quality of life and exercise performance.

  AbstractThe purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of a concurrent resistance and cardio respiratory exercise training program of short duration on Salivary Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), Cortisol, quality of life (QOL), sleep quality, and fitness factors in women with breast cancer. 42 subjects were randomly assigned to either a training (n=21; age: 46.08±8.93 yrs) or control non-exercising group (n=21; age: 46.21±8.71 yrs). The training group followed an 8 weeks exercise program consisting of 3 weekly sessions of 90-min duration, supervised by an experienced investigator and divided into resistance and aerobic training. Salivary sampling was performed before and after the exercise protocol, and sleep quality and quality of life were assessed by the McGill's quality of life (MQOL) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQL) questionnaire was measured. We found that the change in values of cortisol, sleep quality, quality of life, weight, body mass index, body fat, and Waistline was significant (P<0.05) an 8 weeks concurrent training can change them but the change in values of interleukin-12, and WHR was no significant (P>0.05). These findings suggest a safe, economical method to improve quality of life, sleep quality,   fitness, maintain IL-12, and reduce cortisol in women with breast cancer.  

  EFFECT   of linear and non linear resistance trainingperiodization on muscle strength in women with Multiple sclerosis(MS)

  Review:The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of cognitive integration - move on some cognitive factors, balance and quality of life of older women is the city of Kermanshah. For this purpose, 30 elderly women with an average age of 54/6 ± 15/69 years through Wechsler scale software WMS-III, and focused attention from software Selectiv & Divaided attention version of Al-use design. Also stork stand test, to evaluate static balance and tug testing to assess the balance was Pvyaastfadh. they did. component focused attention has increased significantly compared to the control group (103/0 = (p. However, other results showed that cognitive exercises integration - movement has a significant effect in improving working memory (001 / p =), static balance ( 001 / 0p =), dynamic (000/0 (p = and quality of life  ) 000/0 (p = compared to the control group and the control group was not significant in any of the components level.  Key words: aging, static balance, dynamic, focused attention, working memory, quality of life

The aim of present study was investigating the acute and chronic effects of consuming Coenzyme Q10 supplement on rate of creatine phosphokinase after exhaustive aerobic activity of Bruce. For this purpose 12 out of 22 players of youth B’esat Kermanshah football team ranging from 17-19 in age volunteered to take part in this study. The study was conducted in 8 weeks and participants were posited into one situation but into two groups of control (N=12) and experimental (N=12). The experimental group during one session (acute effect) in 8 weeks (chronic effect) consumed 200 milligrams of coenzyme Q10 supplement (2 tablets each100 milligrams) daily. In order to exert muscular damage in subjects, they were tested by exhaustion test. The exhaustive Bruce test (running on the rotary bar model pulsar med 3p manufactured by the German company h/p cosmos) started with a speed of 1/7 miles per hour (2.74 kilometers per hour) and 10% tilt. Then in each stage 1.3 kilometers per hour and 2% tilt was added.   Exhaustion time is when the subjects are not able to run. In order to recognize the exhaustion subjects were talked to while performing the test and they declared that they are unable to continue running. Before and after the Bruce test in all three positons of acute, control, and chronic, 5 cc blood was bled from all subjects’ vein head elbow. BMI was calculated by the body composition measurement set called ZEUS 9.9 .The activity of serum total lactate dehydrogenase enzyme was determined by the CPK kit of Bio-System Company and auto-analyzer set (Biochemistry Synvva). All measurements were done form 9-11.5 pm in the same ventilation and light conditions. Data were analyzed by repeated measure paired – samples T Test at P ? 0.05.The results showed that consuming Coenzyme Q10 after exhaustive aerobic activities (Bruce test) caused a significant decrease of inflammatory markers in subjects’ blood’s creatine phosphokinasein the acute position. But in the chronic position no significant effect of consuming the supplement on decreasing blood’s creatine phosphokinase was observed.Conclusion:   Based on the results, it can be concluded that long-term (8 weeks) Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can reduce aerobic exercise-induced creatine kinase elevations (cellular damage indices).

    The aim of present study was investigating the acute and chronic effects of consuming Coenzyme Q10 supplement on rate of creatine phosphokinase after exhaustive aerobic activity of Bruce. For this purpose 12 out of 22 players of youth B’esat Kermanshah football team ranging from 17-19 in age volunteered to take part in this study. The study was conducted in 8 weeks and participants were posited into one situation but into two groups of control (N=12) and experimental (N=12). The experimental group during one session (acute effect) in 8 weeks (chronic effect) consumed 200 milligrams of coenzyme Q10 supplement (2 tablets each100 milligrams) daily. In order to exert muscular damage in subjects, they were tested by exhaustion test. The exhaustive Bruce test (running on the rotary bar model pulsar med 3p manufactured by the German company h/p cosmos) started with a speed of 1/7 miles per hour (2.74 kilometers per hour) and 10% tilt. Then in each stage 1.3 kilometers per hour and 2% tilt was added.   Exhaustion time is when the subjects are not able to run. In order to recognize the exhaustion subjects were talked to while performing the test and they declared that they are unable to continue running. Before and after the Bruce test in all three positons of acute, control, and chronic, 5 cc blood was bled from all subjects’ vein head elbow. BMI was calculated by the body composition measurement set called ZEUS 9.9 .The activity of serum total lactate dehydrogenase enzyme was determined by the LDH kit of Bio-System Company and auto-analyzer set (Biochemistry Synvva). All measurements were done form 9-11.5 pm in the same ventilation and light conditions. Data were analyzed by repeated measure paired – samples T Test at P ? 0.05.The results showed that consuming Coenzyme Q10 after exhaustive aerobic activities (Bruce test) caused a significant decrease of inflammatory markers in subjects’ blood’s creatine phosphokinasein the acute position. But in the chronic position no significant effect of consuming the supplement on decreasing blood’s creatine phosphokinase was observed.Conclusion:   Based on the results, it can be concluded that long-term (8 weeks) Coenzyme Q10 supplementation can reduce aerobic exercise-induced lactate dehydrogenase elevations (cellular damage indices).Keywords: coenzyme Q10 supplement, lactate dehydrogenase, exhaustive Bruce test.

Effects of Liner and Nonliner periodized programs on Muscular Strenght and Endurance in Untrained Adolesent Girls