Alireza Zebarjadi

   Abstract Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important vegetables of the Solanaceae family, cultivated In tropical and subtropical regions, and valued for its economic, nutritional, and medicinal properties. Conventional propagation methods are often limited due to their tIme-consuming nature, dependence on environmental conditions, and reduced genetic uniformity. Therefore, the application of plant tissue culture techniques Is essential for rapid and uniform propagation as well as genetic Improvement. This study was conducted to investigate direct and Indirect regeneration of eggplant and to optimize the combination of plant growth regulators under In vitro conditions.    The experiments were carried out In the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Three types of explants—true leaf, cotyledon, and hypocotyl—were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators BAP, IBA, and GA?. The best callus induction was obtained from hypocotyl explants cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L IBA. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of explant type, concentration of growth regulators, and their interactions on callus Induction percentage, fresh and dry weight, length, width, and height of callus were significant at the 1% probability level. In direct regeneration, the highest regeneration percentage and number of shoots were obtained from leaf explants on MS medium containing 5 mg/L BAP. The rooting experiment indicated that the control treatment (without IBA) resulted in the highest rooting percentage and root length. Regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized to soil conditions in the greenhouse and exhibited normal growth.    Overall, the results demonstrated that proper selection of explant type and optimization of plant growth regulator concentrations play a key role in improving in vitro regeneration of eggplant. These findings can serve as a basis for large-scale production of healthy plantlets, germplasm conservation, and breeding programs in this valuable species.    Keywords: BAP, callus induction, direct and indirect organogenesis, IBA, in vitro regeneration.   

Abstract With the continuous growth of the global population and the increasing demand for sustainable food security, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a vital role as one of the major sources of calories and protein for a large portion of the world’s population. However, its production in temperate and arid regions such as Iran is severely constrained by abiotic stresses, particularly terminal drought and heat stress. Earliness is an important agronomic trait in wheat that enables plants to escape such end-season stresses. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 48 bread wheat genotypes (40 lines and 8 checks), identify early-maturing and high-yielding lines, and assess the genetic structure of phenological and yield-related traits under the environmental conditions of Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was carried out during the 2023–2024 cropping season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The seeds were selected from advanced lines derived from crosses among nationally released cultivars. Phenological, agronomic, and biochemical traits were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all studied traits, indicating considerable genetic potential for use in wheat breeding programs. Genotypes 10, 5, and 22 were identified as the earliest lines, while genotypes 1 and 24 were the latest. The highest grain yields were recorded for genotypes 32 (770.37 g/m²), winter backcross ‘Roshan’ (766.40 g/m²), 30 (760.15 g/m²), and 10 (696.79 g/m²). Grain yield showed significant positive correlations with spike weight per square meter, harvest index, and spike number per square meter, emphasizing the importance of these traits in yield improvement. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted six principal components explaining 81.29% of the total variance, with the first component mainly associated with phenological traits and the second with yield-related traits. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five clusters, among which cluster III comprised the earliest-flowering and earliest-maturing genotypes, characterized by the highest mean spike number, grain yield, and biological yield. These findings confirm the presence of sufficient genetic diversity for the improvement of phenological and yield-related traits in bread wheat. Identifying early-maturing, high-yielding lines (particularly those in cluster III) represents an effective strategy for developing stress-tolerant cultivars and improving water-use efficiency in future wheat breeding programs. Keywords Terminal drought, Heat stress, Genetic diversity, Grain yield, Earliness   

  Oat is one of the most important cereals in the world, essential for both humans and animals due to its significance as a key food source. With increasing public awareness of healthy dietary habits, oats have attracted more attention from scientific researchers and industries. Since limited efforts have been made by researchers to identify high-yielding varieties, there is an urgent need for breeding and identifying improved oat cultivars with high nutritional value. To achieve suitable genotypes or varieties for autumn and spring cultivation, an experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing season at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, located in Kermanshah Province. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 44 treatments, including selected grain genotypes from previous experiments, conducted in three replications. After seed preparation, oat planting was carried out manually in both autumn and spring at a density of 400 plants per square meter. The results showed that the genotypes 291sv955057-35 and Brusher had the highest grain yield in autumn, producing 1505 and 1510 grams of grain per square meter, respectively. In the spring season, the genotypes Wandering (1183 g/m²), Carrolup (1152 g/m²), Quoll (1152 g/m²), Bannister (1149 g/m²), and Wintaroo (1131 g/m²) had the highest grain yields among the tested genotypes. The lowest grain yield in both autumn and spring was observed in the Titus genotype. A significant difference was observed between oat genotypes in terms of thousand-kernel weight across different cultivation seasons. The Wallaroo and Paramo genotypes had the highest thousand-kernel weights in autumn and spring, respectively, while the Dolphin97 genotype recorded the lowest thousand-kernel weight in both seasons. The longest spike length in both autumn and spring was observed in the Dalyup genotype. Regarding plant height, Dolphin97 and Mitika recorded the tallest and shortest plant heights, respectively, in both seasons. Biological yield results were entirely different, as the Oh1022 genotype had the highest biological yield in both autumn and spring cultivation. Conversely, the La Pervision and WA-oat genotypes recorded the lowest biological yields in autumn and spring, respectively. This indicates the strong adaptability of the Oh1022 genotype to different environmental conditions. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of achieving high-yielding oat genotypes under spring cultivation conditions. If these results are repeated, the identified genotype(s) could be recommended to farmers.

 AbstractThe aim of this research was to identify mutations in growth hormone and myostatin genes using the PCR-RFLP method and to investigate their potential association with sperm quality traits and testis sizes in Sanjabi rams. For this purpose, blood and sperm samples were collected from 96 Sanjabi rams. After extracting DNA using a salt method, two specific primer pairs were used to amplify fragments of 422 and 337 base pairs for exon 2 of the GH gene and exon 3 of the MSTN gene, respectively. The digestion of PCR products was performed separately for each locus using the restriction enzyme HAEIII. The results of the enzymatic digestion indicated that there was no G to A mutation in the MSTN gene, and all samples at this locus exhibited a wild-type genotype (GG). Additionally, the results of enzymatic digestion for the GH gene revealed the presence of three genotypes: GG, GA, and AA, with frequencies of 84.38%, 14.58%, and 1.04%, respectively. A significant difference was observed at the 5% level between the GA genotype and other genotypes for sperm volume and total sperm count per ejaculation; however, no significant differences were found for other measured traits. Furthermore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test showed that the studied locus in the GH gene is in genetic equilibrium. The results of this study can aid in identifying genomic regions responsible for sperm quality traits in rams and ultimately lead to improved fertility in these flocks.Keywords: Growth hormone, myostatin, polymorphism, reproduction, Sanjabi ram

 Abstract  Iron is one of the essential micronutrients necessary for thesurvival of plants, as it plays a crucial role in chlorophyll synthesis andmaintaining the structure and function of chloroplasts. This micronutrient actsas a component of vital enzymes such as cytochromes in the electron tra  ortchain. Due to the solubility and absorption capabilities of iron oxide andsilica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in plants, they can be utilized aseffective nano-fertilizers for plant growth. In the present study, iron oxideand silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles were evaluated as nano-fertilizerson the germination and growth characteristics of the Soheil variety of Camelinaunder completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in both invivo and in vitro conditions. The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles wasperformed using the co-precipitation method, while silica-coated iron oxidenanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Variouscharacterization analyses (SEM, EDX, FTIR, DLS, and Zeta potential) confirmedthe effective synthesis of nanoparticles. Germination traits includedgermination percentage, root length, shoot length, number of primary leaves, anddistance between primary leaves from cotyledons, while growth traits includeddays to budding, days to pod formation, days to maturity, plant height, numberof pods on the main stem, number of pods on side branches, number of pods perplant, number of branches per plant, and number of seeds per pod. Aftertreating Camelina seeds with different concentrations of iron oxide andsilica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (20 to 100 mg/L) through nano-primingand planting seeds in MS medium for one week, the germination percentage wasmeasured. Results indicated an increase in seed germination percentage due totreatment with iron oxide and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles up to aconcentration of 100 mg/L in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. In Camelina plants,the maximum root length was observed at a concentration of 80 mg/L of ironoxide nanoparticles compared to the control. An inhibitory effect of highconcentrations of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles on root growth wasalso noted, with the lowest root growth observed at a concentration of 20 mg/L.According to this research's results, nano-priming treatment of Camelina seedsunder in vivo conditions showed positive effects on budding at concentrationsup to 80 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticles and up to 60 mg/L for silica-coatediron oxide nanoparticles. Pod production on the main stem performed best atlower concentrations up to 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticlesand up to 20 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticles on side branches. Seedproduction in Camelina also showed optimal performance at lower concentrationsup to 20 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles and 40 mg/L for ironoxide nanoparticles. The production of side branches and the number of pods onthem increased with concentrations up to 20 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticlesand 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. The results of thisstudy demonstrated that concentrations ranging from 20 to 80 mg/L for ironoxide nanoparticles and from 20 to 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxidenanoparticles have potential as nano-fertilizers in Camelina plants. Thisresearch indicates that iron oxide and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles

   Abstract    The genetic diversity of desirable alleles for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, yield and traits related to yield and quality traits were preserved in the wild relatives of cultivated plants. Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides, 2n = 4x = 28), hulled with wide genetic diversity, is the wild ancestor of tetraploid and hexaploid agricultural wheats, which grows widely in unfavorable areas for agriculture. Emmer wheat is a source of genetic diversity and it has valuable genes from its ancient wild relatives that were extension during the domestication of hexaploid wheat, so investigating the genetic diversity of emmer wheat is necessary to improve the yield and quality of crops. Tra  osons are parts of the organism's genome that move in the host's genome, they may select parts of the genome that help them to move to the new genomic location. In this research, using nine markers based on IRAP retrotra  oson and identifying the quantitative trait loci of different agricultural traits, including morphological, phenological and physiological traits were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 104 wild emmer wheat genotypes. The percentage of polymorphic loci for IRAP markers was 86/74%. The variation range of Jaccard's genetic similarity coefficient was from 0/41 to 0/90, which indicates a high amount of genetic diversity in the studied samples. Based on the GLM and MLM models, a total of 201 and 160 significant locations associated with the studied traits were identified at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. Pearson's correlation between traits showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between zinc content and iron in dry conditions, and there was a negative and significant correlation between grain zinc content and spike length. Considering that Pearson's correlation coefficients in dry conditions were higher than genetic correlation coefficients, it is possible that increasing the number of Pearson's correlations of studied traits is the limiting factor for the strong influence of these traits on environmental changes. In this research, increasing the length of the spike and the height of the plant led to an increase in the number of grains in the spike of emmer wheat, which is considered as a strategy for increasing wheat yield. In principal component analysis PCA, the first three components explained 67.6 percent of the molecular changes and 63.38, 2.24, and 1.98 percent of the changes, respectively, and the total changes (100 percent) were explained by 104 components.    Keywords: genetic diversity, Emmer wheat, IRAM, REMAP

   Abstract: Red flesh apple is one of the special and rare fruit trees, which is of interest due to the red color of its flesh, its edible quality and the high amount of antioxidants present in it. Therefore, achieving the optimal and appropriate method for its micropropagation is one of the main goals of tissue culture. In this study, the effect of chitosan and sodium nitroprusside on the micropropagation of red-fleshed apple (Bastam and Bakran) was investigated.In the proliferation stage, the effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l), chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) and their interaction in MS base culture medium containing plant growth regulators 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l IBA were investigated. In the regeneration phase of the leaf, the terminal part of the leaf was placed on the MS base culture medium containing the growth regulators TDZ 3.3 mg/l and IBA 0.4 mg/l under dark conditions, and after four weeks the above explants were placed on the MS base medium containing plant growth regulator 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l of IBA, in order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l) and chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) concentrations and their interaction. In the rooting stage, the effect of type of medium (1/2 MS solid and 1/2 M   liquid) and the growth regulator concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l) were studied. According to the proliferation stage results,   the largest stem diameter (0.17 mm) related to Bastam genotype in culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and the largest leaf length and width (1.74 and 0.97 cm respectively) was observed in Bakran genotype in culture medium containing 20 mg/l chitosan. The highest seedling height (6.26 cm) related to Bastam genotype in the environment without    treatment and the highest number of leaves (16.51), leaf length and width (1.49 and 0.90 cm) related to Bakran genotype on the medium containing 5 mg/l   . In the regeneration test from the leaves of Bastam genotype, the highest percentage of regeneration (30%) and the number of new shoots (5.50) were obtained in the culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 3 mg/l   , and the highest new shoot height was related to the medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 5 mg/l   . The rooting test showed that the Bakran genotype cultured on medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator produced the highest number of roots (3.17) and Bakran genotype in solid culture medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator had the longest root length (3.78 cm).The results showed that the highest survival percentage of adapted seedlings was related to Bakran genotype (96%).    Keyword: tissue culture, Red flesh apple, proliferation, micropropagation

      Useful omega-3, lignans (plant estrogens) and phytosterols in various oil seeds in heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, treatment, cancer, high blood pressure, etc., probably due to disease diagnosis. And their opposite has been proven. Also, oilseeds grow all over the world and become important economic products. Recently, oilseeds have received much attention due to the presence of phytonutrients that have health benefits, especially in the treatment of many non-communicable diseases. Chia (Salvia hispanica L) is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Chia is an oilseed plant that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, high quality nutrients, a large amount of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Also, this plant has various properties of polyphenol antioxidants. . It protects the oil of this plant against chemical and microbial damage. The purpose of this experiment was to optimize the conditions of callus induction and micropropagation of chia plant under different growth regulators and to use different explants for different explants of chia plant. Callus induction experiment using three hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. and leaves and growth regulator 2,4-D in the conditions of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/liter along with 0.1 of BAP growth regulator. The factorial design was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The results of this experiment showed that the best combination for the induction of 100% callus was obtained at the level of 1.5 mg/liter of 2,4-D along with 0.1 mg/liter of BAP and hypocotyl explants. Direct regeneration experiment with five explants. including terminal bud, cotyledon, hypocotyl, leaf and node and BAP at seven levels including 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 mg/liter and factorially and in the form of a completely random design . It was done in three repetitions. The results of the direct regeneration test showed that the highest percentage of direct regeneration was 100% and the highest number of stems in the explant (8.21) was obtained in the combination of shoot tip explant and BAP growth regulator in the amount of 2 mg/liter. The initial experiment was conducted with the growth regulator IBA at 0, 1 and 2 mg levels in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results of the rooting tests showed that the highest percentage of rooting was 100%, the highest number of roots (4.89) and the highest root length (7.03 cm) in the control treatment and in the MS culture medium without IBA growth regulator. Achieved. Key words: Chia, micro-propagation, tissue culture, culture medium   

   Abstract

   Abstract This research was conducted to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with agronomic traits in oat genotypes. For this purpose, 361 oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) received from the Australian Grain Gene bank (AGG) were evaluated within a square lattice design in two replications in the cropping year (2017-2018) under irrigation conditions in the experimental farm of Razi University, Kermanshah in terms of agronomic and molecular traits. Eleven agronomic traits, including biological yield, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles per m2, number of seed per panicle, thousand seed weight, days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity were measured. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the genotypes for all the investigated traits, which indicated the existence of high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes. Correlation coefficients showed that traits of biological yield, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, number of panicles per m2, number of seeds per panicle, and thousand seed weight had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Based on the results of path analysis, the number of seeds per panicle and then the number of panicles per m2 showed the most direct and positive effect. The biggest negative indirect effect on the grain yield was due to the number of panicles per m2 through the number of seeds per panicle. Cluster analysis based on the agronomic data using Ward's method grouped the genotypes into four clusters. The greatest genetic distance was observed between clusters 1 and 4. Based on the principal component analysis, 63% of the total variation was justified by the first two main components. Bi-plot obtained from principal component analysis confirmed the grouping results of cluster analysis. A molecular study was performed on 148 oat genotypes with independent pedigrees using 12 SCoT primers. A total of 135 bands were produced, of which 84 bands (61.75 %) were polymorphic. The highest values of the number of polymorphic bands, polymorphism percentage, marker index, effective polymorphism ratio, and resolution power were obtained for the SCoT1 primer, which can indicate the appropriate efficiency of this primer in differentiating oat genotypes. The genetic similarity of the studied genotypes varied from 0.32 to 0.87 using the Jaccard similarity coefficient. The highest genetic similarity was observed between genotypes 360 (DUNNART) and 361 (HOUDAN), and the lowest genetic similarity was calculated between genotypes 239 (WESTON) and 277 (STORMONT IRIS). Cluster analysis based on SCoT marker data, based on the UPGMA method and Jaccard similarity coefficient, divided oat genotypes into six groups. The results of the principal coordinate analysis confirmed the cluster analysis results. The study of the population structure showed the existence of three possible subpopulations (K = 3) for oat genotypes. The results of the association analysis based on the general linear model (GLM) and the mixed linear model (MLM) identified 111 and 38 significant relationships between genomic locations and studied traits, respectively. In total, the results obtained from the present study showed that there is a wide range of genetic diversity among oat genotypes, and it provides the possibility of using them in breeding programs. Also, It has been found that SCoT markers are useful and powerful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and identifying genomic regions related to the studied traits in oat genotypes. Therefore, they could be used in the selection of genotypes as parents for crossing and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to be used in plant breeding programs.

Abstract Camelina (camelina sativa) is an   an oilseed, medicinal, low-expectation and tolerant plant to meet environmental stresses, and identification of genetic variation in its germplasm is essential. Understanding genetic diversity is important and the basis of plant breeding research. In this experiment, the genetic diversity of 45 camelina’s doubled haploid lines resulted   from a cross of 29 parents was examined based on molecular characteristics, fatty acid profiles and morphological traits in greenhouse conditions. Greenhouse experiment was performed in 2019-2020 cropping season in the research greenhouse and molecular experiments were performed in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeedind, Razi University. Analysis of variance of morphological traits showed significant difference between lines for branch length, sub-branch length, number of lateral branches, number of pods on main branch, number of pods on sub-branch, height to first lateral branch, root length, length of pods, pod weight, total plant weight, root weight per plant, shoot weight, 1000-seed weight, plant yield and harvest index. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits using squared Euclidean distance coefficient and Ward method divided the lines into two separate groups. Factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation showed that five factors with eigen values ??above one accounted for a total of 78.40% of the total variation. To evaluate the efficency of REMAP and IRAP markers in the study of molecular diversity of 45 camelina’s doubled haploid lines, three rapeseed cultivars and one Arabidobsis genotype, 14 single and combined primers were used. The eight IRAP primers produced a total of 103 fragments, 95 of which were polymorph (92.23%), while the six REMAP primers produced 54 fragments, 49 polymorph fragments (90.70%). The results of molecular studies showed that IRAP marker had higher values ??than REMAP marker in terms of number of produced fragments, resolution power, effective marker ratio, marker index and polymorphism percentage. Cluster analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers using Complete method divided the lines into five groups, which in some cases were similar to grouping based on morphological traits. Coordinate analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers divided the studied lines into five groups. According to Mantel test, distance matrices obtained from IRAP and REMAP markers showed a weak and significant negative correlation with the data obtained from the measurement of phenotypic traits and fatty acid profiles. In general, the used retrotra  oson markers separated the camelina lines well. The observed diversity between Camelina lines can be used in germplasm management and breeding programs to produce cultivars with desirable characteristics. Keywords: Agronomic traits, Camelina, Genetic diversity, Retrotra  oson markers            

Plants’ seeds are a natural storage organ that is considered by genetic engineers as an ideal target for the expression of recombinant genes. Therefore, controlling the expression of transferred genes in this organ is one of the most important steps toward the development of the molecular farming strategy. A practical solution for this purpose is to identify, isolate and use the seed-specific promoters in important commercial species such as rapeseed. Oleosin is one of the most abundant proteins in the seed proteome of rapeseed and its expression is controlled by highly spatiotemporal promoters. The promoter of this gene causes strong expression of the reporter gene such as GUS in embryonic tissue and seed endosperm. In this study, in order to apply and identify the regulatory elements in the Oleosin promoter, this sequence was isolated from the canola genome and cloned into the   K+ vector. Comparing the sequence of the cloned fragment with the sequences in the NCBI database showed that, this sequence has significant similarities with the two categories of identified sequences. One group is the Oleosin gene-like sequences and the other is the methionine sulfoxide reductase gene-like sequences. This means that this fragment is present in an intergenic region that justifies the bidirectional function of this promoter. Drawing the phylogenetic tree and calculating the genetic distance of the cloned fragment with these sequences showed that the genetic distance of the cloned fragment with the existing sequences for the Oleosin gene is much less than the methionine sulfoxide reductase genes. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed that this fragment contains a large number of regulatory elements in both sense and antisense strands such as TATA-box, RY element, prolamin-box and Skn-1 motif. Most of these regulatory elements were identified in the 400 terminal nucleotides of this fragment (the region corresponding to the promoter of the Oleosin gene), while its 540 primary nucleotides bear a striking resemblance to the CDS region of the methionine sulfoxide reductase genes. Further studies showed that the density of regulatory sequences in the sense strand (Oleosin gene promoter) was higher than in the antisense strand and many regulatory elements such as napin motif, pyrimidine-box, E-box, SEF3 and SEF1 binding sites were present only in the sense strand. This means that this promoter has a completely different function in expressing the two genes under its control so that most of the regulatory elements that are present in the sense strand (but not in the antisense strand) are found in seed-specific promoter  

Abstract The sheep mitochondrial genome is 1661 bp in length. The sequence length can vary due to the difference in the number of long consecutive repeats of 75 bp, which contains two symmetric octamers. Due to the fact that many genes have been affected by fertility traits, but a limited number of these major genes have been reported to be associated with sheep reproductive traits, including the ATPase6 gene from the mitochondrial genome. One of the objectives of the present study is to investigate and identify possible polymorphisms in the gene ATPase6 in Sanjabi rams using PCR-RFLP technique and to investigate relationship of ATPase6 gene polymorphism with sperm quality characteristics and testicular dimensions. The study was performed on 96 rams in Kermanshah, Kuzran, Mahidasht and Mehregan research station in Kermanshah province. Blood samples were taken in vacuum tubes with the relevant registered animal number, containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ( EDTA), which inhibits blood coagulation, were stored in dry ice and transferred to a freezer at 2 ° C. PopGen32 software was used to estimate allelic frequency, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and population indices. GLM proc SAS (9/4) software was used to investigate the relationship between traits related to sperm quality and testicular dimensions and ATPase6 gene polymorphism. After DNA extraction , a specific primer was used to amplify 896 bp fragment of ATPase6 gene. Digestion of PCR products was performed by AlwnI restriction enzyme. The results of digestion of AlwnI restriction enzyme showed the presence of C to G mutation in ATPase6 gene and indicated two genotypes CC and GC with frequencies of 0.21 and 0.79, respectively. The results of data analysis also showed that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not in the desired position There werenot association between ATPase6 gene polymorphism and traits related to testicular size and sperm quality and also with sperm volume, mass movement, total ejaculate sperm There was no significant relationship between sperm membrane integrity, morphology, concentration, viability and sperm index. However, there was a significant relationship between gene polymorphism with individual movement and water test, so that animals with GC genotype had the highest percentage of water test compared to CC genotype (P> 0.05). Also, rams with CC genotype had the highest rate of individual movement compared to GC genotype (P> 0.05). The results of this study suggested that further studies should be performed to identify mutations in other parts of the mitochondrial genes to detect genomic regians affecting sprm traits in order to improvement of fertility in herds. Keywords: sperm quality, testicular biometric traits, ATPase6, squirrel sheep

Abstract Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.   . Durum) is one of the most important foods due to its widespread consumption in the world as pasta and having a high percentage of protein (12-14%). Genetic diversity is the basis of breeding programs and selection depends on the existence of desirable genetic diversity in terms of the characteristics under study. Due to the importance of durum wheat, identifying its genetic diversity is of great importance. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of 69 durum wheat lines received from ICARDA along with Saji cultivar using SCoT marker and to investigate the relationship between this marker and five important agronomic traits measured in two cropping seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). A total of 177 bands produced by 12 primers, of which 97 bands were polymorphic (54.86%). The highest number of polymorphic bands was related to SCoT16 primer and the lowest was related to SCoT14 primer. The mean of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.448 and the highest and lowest values ??belonged to SCoT33 and SCoT30 primers, respectively. The genetic similarity of the genotypes using the Jacquard similarity’s coefficient ranged from 0.184 to 0.734. In the cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into four groups, and the results of principal component analysis also corresponded to this grouping. The primers used in this study showed a moderate polymorphism, and among them, the SCoT16 primer was highly efficient in differentiating genotypes. The range of high genetic similarity coefficient showed high genetic diversity among the studied lines. In the association analysis by generalized linear regression method in the first year of study , 25 and in the second year of study 35 informative markers and using mixed linear regression method in the first year of study, 22 and in the second   year of study, 32 significant association between genomic locations and five studied traits were identified. For each traits, days to flowering, plant height, days to physiological maturity and 1000-kernel weight, a stable marker was identified across two years. Keywords: association analysis, genetic diversity, genetic structure, SCoT marker, Triticum turgidum L.   

  In this study, in order to investigate the relationship between mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene polymorphism and sperm quality traits and testicular dimensions, blood samples were taken from 96 Sanjabi rams. DNA was extracted frim whole bloods to evaluate mitochondrial cytochrome b gene polymorphism. At the same time, sperm samples were taken from the animals and sperm quality traits were analyzed. Testicular dimensions and animal age were also recorded. Using a pair of primers, PCR was performed (979bp) and then PCR products were digested by the restriction enzyme (Nde1).   If there was a mutation, a pieces of length 561 and419 bp if there was no mutation, piece of length 980 will be visible on the agarose gel. Digestion results showed no polymorphism in the studied area. The regian was not polymorphic so that it was not possible to investigate its relationship with sperm quality traits and testicular dimensions.Due to the importance of mitochondria in male fertility, it is recommended that using the sequencing method, other mutations of this gene as well as other genes of this organ be used to evaluate the relationship with sperm quality and testicular dimensions and even the whole genome scan for these traits should be examined.

   Abstract: In order to Evaluation of the factors affecting yield grain and herbages of 16 genotypes Vicia ervilia Under stre   and non-stress conditions, experiments in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah, in years 2016-2017 and 2017-2017 in tow Completely randomized block   design with three replications . Each year, diversity terms of morphological traits, yield and yield components. have been studied. The results of combined analysis of each year in both stre   and non-stress conditions as well as combined analysis of traits in two years in both conditions showed that the genotypes were significantly different from most of the studied traits. Based on the results of comparison of means, yield and yield components in all genotypes were reduced by applying water shortage stress in stress conditions and the percentage of reduction was not the same in all genotypes. The results showed that in the non-stress place of genotype 4 with the highest number of pods per plant, the number of seedlings per plant and 1000-seed weight had the highest grain yield (922.4 kg / ha) and in the dryland genotype 6 had the highest grain yield.According to the results of biplot chart in stre   and non-stress conditions, grain yield had a positive and high correlation with plant height, yield components, harvest index and negative correlation with the number of days to flowering. according to the results of Causal analysis in both years, in non-stress conditions, the number of seeds per plant and in stress conditions, biological yield had the most direct and positive effect By factor analysis, three factors were identified in both environments that explained 71.62 and 71.74% of the data diversity, respectively. Based on the evaluation of drought tolerance indices, stress intensity (SI) was equal to 0.34. Grain yield in non-stress conditions had a high correlation with SSI, TOL, MP, GMP and STI indices but grain yield in stress conditions showed a significant negative correlation with SSI and a positive correlation with GMP and STI. Therefore, due to the correlation of grain yield in both non-stre   and stress conditions with GMP and STI indices, these two were the best indices for selecting and determining drought tolerant cultivars for 16 Vicia ervilia genotypes. Genotype 15 with the highest value of these two indices was identified as a drought tolerant genotype in this study. Keywords: Causal analysis, Drought, Vicia genotypes, Yield and yield components, Biplot chart..   

Abstract To evaluate of drought tolerance in 23 durum wheat different genotype, two field experiments were carried out at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah in 2017-2018, Under stress replications. Genetic diversity of some morphological traits, yield and yieldand non-stress conditions, -- two completely randomized blocks designs with three components, and qualitative traits have been studied. The findings of simple differences in most of the studied traits. Based on mean comparisons,   the quantitative traits studied in all variance analysis (both rain-fed conditions and supplementary irrigation) and combined analysis of variance showed that genotypes had significant genotypes were reduced by applying drought stress in rain-fed conditions, and the percentage of reduction in total greatest effect of stress was on biological yield and afterwards on grain yield   was recorded for genotypes 1 and 16 which decreased their performance by 47.72 and 31.78 percent genotypes was not the same. Stress intevsity was 0.1. By growing wheat in the drought environment, the amount of protein and gluten in the grain increased while the amount of starch, moisture and energy produced decreased. The grain yield was 5190 and 5140 respectively. Based on the results of mean comparisons over the two environments, the highest kg / ha, respectively, for Genotype 12. The lowest grain yield was observed in the non-stress environment in genotype 18 and in the rain-fed environment in genotype 9. According to the results of by-plot chart in supplement arirrigation gluten, but in drought conditions, the percentage of grain gluten had a conditions, grain yield was not related to the percentage of protein and genotype 17 had the highest protein and gluten content, and genotype 12 negative correlation with grain yield. In both water and drought conditions,analysis in both irrigated and drought conditions, the number of spikes per square meter (Khorramabad landrace) had the highest grain yield. According to the results of path were identified, which justified 80.70% and 79.27% of the total variation, respectively. Evaluation of had the most direct and positive effect on grain yield. By factor analysis in both environments, 4 factors drought tolerance indices showed that MP, GMP and STI indices due to high conditions were as the best indices for selection and determination of drought tolerant genotypes for 23 different durum wheat accessions. Genotype 12 with the highest correlation with grain yield in both drought and supplementary irrigation amount of these three indices was identified as the drought tolerant genotype in this study   key words: Biplot chart, Causal analysis, Ideal Genotype Selection Index,Quantity and quality of grain, wheat genotype   

Mitochondrial genome is a powerful marker in phylogenetic studies due to its high mutation rate, non- recombination and maternal inheritance.The aim of this study was about investigate of   the genetic structure and genetic relationship of Iranian Kurdish horse using D-Loop mitochondrial genome.In this study, blood samples were collected from 30 Kurdish horses and their DNA extracted by salting out method.Then, with using the regoin of   D-Loo   specific primers   in duration 509 bp was divide   and all samples were sequenced after purification. totaly 29 sequences were obtained and the sequences were analyzed   by using bioinformatics softwares.The   piece of   509 bp PCR products obtained   from sequencing was edited in MEGA7 software   and the   piece of 294 bp was extracted from it.Samples were aligned with horse reference sequence accessio   number (x79547) by using of BioEdit software and ClustalW procedure.Different nucleotides were identified between the sequenced samples and 14 haplotypes and 22 polymorphic sites and then the Consensus sequence was obtained as index sequence for this breed.Following sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of other strains was drawn in the Neighbor-Joining phylogeny tree gene bank in the BioEdit software for the Kurdish horseTree drawing shows close proximity of this breed to Chinese, Tibetan, Bulgarian and breed horses in Iran.The amount of nucleotide diversity   0.01153, haplotype diversity 0.901 and the value of D-Tajima 1.378 was calculated by using of DnaSP software.The value of D- Tajima was not significant at P <0.1 level,The negativity of this statistics indicates an increase in population size or selection for purification at the sites.Thus, it seems that the population of breed in study is increasing in number.The results indicate a relatively high diversity in the population of the studied horse breed, indicating a different initial derivation and also showing different maternal lines in these horses.   

Maintaining genetic diversity in the Kurdish horse population as a national asset is crucial. Evaluation of the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b region within populations can be a good indicator of diversity in the studied population. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic and phylogenetic sequence of the cytochrome b region of the Kurdish mitochondrial genome. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 30 goats. After DNA extraction, 1092 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b region was amplified by specific primers. The amplified fragments were sequenced by purification after purification. Seven different haplotypes were identified based on 7 polymorphic nucleotides. The haplotypic and nucleotide diversity in Kurdish horses were estimated 0.784 and 0.00218, respectively. Analyzes using the BioEdit program showed that this sequence for the cytB region contains 240 nucleotides A (21/27), 289 nucleotides C (77/32), 116 nucleotides G (15/13) and 237 nucleotides T (87/26). . The tree under genetic procedure (N - J) was obtained as shown. By comparison, Kurdish horses were grouped together in a branch with breeds from Japan (Hokkaido and Yakutia), breeds from China (Lijiang and SanHe), Przewalski Mongolian breed, and Arabian breed with access code MK100122.1. Which reflects the greater genetic similarity of Kurdish horses with Asian and European breeds, especially Asian.   

,urea fertilizer,electronic nose,artificial neural net work ,basil,summer

Lettuce is considered as a model plant for biotechnology because of its compatibility with stable genetic transformation and tissue culture. In gene transformation, optimization of tissue culture is the first step to achieve a transgenic plant in order to reproduce the plant as soon as possible. GDP-mannose-3’,5’-epimerase (GME) is one of the key genes in ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathway in plants. The present study aims to transfer GDP-mannose-3´,5´-epimerase (GME) gene from Actinidia deliciosa L. into Lactuca sativa L. First, in order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L., its tissue culture was optimized and then gene transformation was done. Moreover, to investigate callus induction rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 16 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, and also direct regeneration rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 6 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02 and 0.05 mg/l NAA and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, a factorial replacement series experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. No analysis was performed since no result was obtained for direct regeneration experiment with the listed treatments. The results from ANOVA indicated that interaction effects of explant type and plant growth regulators (BAP and NAA) were significant at 1% probability level in callus induction, relative water content, weight growth, and indirect regeneration. Furthermore, the results of means comparison revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction and indirect regeneration (100%) were observed on leaf and cotyledon explants and MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l BAP and 0.04 mg/l NAA. In order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L. using L. sativa L. cv. Setareh and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (C58) on two types of explants (cotyledon and true leaves), a factorial replacement series experiment with three replications and 2 min and 8 min inoculation was done. The results also confirmed the presence of pBI121+GME in transgenic plants. In addition, the explant true leaves and 2 min inoculation (with 18 percent transformation ratio) were more suitable for transformation. Keywords: Transformation, tissue culture, vitamin C, lettuce, GME   

   AbstractIn order to study the genetic diversity of 20 different genotypes of Durum wheat, this research was carried out in the crop research and cytogenetic laboratory of the Razi Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus in 2016-2017. Agronomic traits and physiology and drought resistance were evaluated based on a completely randomized block design with three replications and two conditions without stress and drought stress. Genetic diversity was studied in agronomic traits and physiology. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the two conditions without stress and stress in terms of characteristics. The results of the comparisons showed that grain and biological yield, harvest index, the weight of one thousand seeds and number of spikes per square meter, straw yield, spike yield and spike dry weight in drought stress medium were significantly higher than drought stress medium Was. In non-stress conditions, the highest yield was genotype No. 19 (1033.3) and lowest yield was genotype 4 (557.7). Under stress conditions, genotypes number 1 and 14 were respectively the highest (567.7) and lowest (287.3) Yielded the amount of performance. According to the results of correlation between drought resistance indices and yield in two conditions without stress and stress, MP, YI, HMP, REI, GMP and STI indices were more suitable for selection of superior genotypes in both conditions. Analysis of the main components of the indices showed that the first component justifies 58.87% and the second component is 32.91% of the total variance. Based on RS ranking for genotype 1, the lowest and genotype 11 had the highest rank, respectively, which were the most resistant and sensitive genotypes respectively. Based on the bipolar, genotypes number 1, 8 and 19 were placed in area A. Factor analysis for all traits was performed. For the first ten factors, 91.31% of the total variation of the data in the stress-free environment and eleven of the first factors were explained in a total of 92.8% in stress conditions. Cluster analysis using Ward method, based on yield and yield components, physiology and phenology characteristics, >  Keywords: Yield components, Drought stress, Yield, Durum wheat

  Abstract   Objective: In order to take advantage of diversity among different varieties and genotypes of plants, at first the existing diversity among them need to be examined. In this research, in order to benefit from the diversity existed among some of genotypes of Camelina plant, the number of 81 doubled haploid lines of this plant were studied at the levels of biochemical and molecular traits.Research Method: The lines of Doubled Haploid of Camelina were cultured in the greenhouse of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University of Kermanshah. This study was carried out in two parts: 1. Biochemical studies, and 2. Molecular studies. In the first part, to analyze the differentiation of these lines in terms of the amount of fatty acids, the levels of fatty acids of these lines were measured with GC-MASS method by reference laboratories and the results were analyzed in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 repeats. The results indicated that there is a significant differentiation among these lines in terms of the amounts of fatty acids. In the second part of this research, DNA was extracted from the leaf samples, and the PCR process was carried out for amplification of a special band of their DNA by using of 10 ISSR primers. Then, the bands were separated and appeared by electrophoresis. Then, their photograph was taken and the results were analyzed by software. At the end, cluster analysis was done to >Findings: The results of Variance Analysis and Compare Means revealed the differentiations among the genotypes. It should be noted that 10 out of 15 primers being used in this research amplified different bands.Conclusions: There is a differentiation in terms of the amounts of fatty acids as well as molecular characteristics among these 81 lines. The biochemical differentiation of these lines is more than their molecular differentiation.  Key Words: Camelina, doubled haploid, genetic diversity, marker

  چكيدهآلودگي محيط زيست نتيجه فعاليت هاي صنعتي اجتماعات بشري است. يكي از آلاينده هاي مهم خاك فلزات سنگين بوده كه در سال هاي اخير به شدت مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. روش هاي مختلفي براي مقابله با آلودگي فلزات سنگين به كار گرفته شده كه از آن جمله مي توان به تثبيت فلزت توسط بيوجار اشاره كرد. اين تحقيق با كاشت گياه ماش و به صورت طرح فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك هاي تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمارها شامل بيوچار چوب آفتابگردان در سه سطح (صفر، 1 و 3 درصد)، سرب در سه سطح غلظت (صفر،100 و200   ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم خاك) و كادميوم در سه سطح غلظت (صفر، 10و 20 ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم خاك) بودند. نتايج نشان داد كه افزايش سطوح كادميوم و سرب موجب كاهش عومل رشد در گياه ماش شد، در حالي­كه كاربرد بايوچار ضمن كاهش اثرات سوء كادميوم و سرب، باعث افزايش رشد گياه ماش گرديد. اثر سطوح بيوچار بر پارامتر هاي وزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد گره، تعداد شاخه هاي جانبي، تعداد گره فعال، ارتفاع ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشك ريشه، سطح ريشه،   حجم ريشه، طول ريشه، هدايت الكتريكي (EC) خاك،pH   خاك،كربن آلي خاك و غلظت سرب و پرولين در سطح يك درصد معني دار شد. تاثير سطوح مختلف سرب و كادميوم نيز بروزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد كل گره و تعداد گره فعال، ارتفاع ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشك ريشه، سطح ريشه، حجم ريشه، طول ريشه، مقدار پرولين و غلظت سرب و كادميوم در گياه ماش در سطح يك درصد و برتعداد گره غير فعال؛ هدايت الكتريكي و pH   خاك در سطح 5 درصد معني دار بود. اثر متقابل سطوح مختلف بيوچار و هر دو فلز سنگين بر وزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد گره، تعداد گره فعال، قطر ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، حجم ريشه، هدايت الكتريكي خاك، غلظت پرولين و سرب اندام هوايي گياه ماش در سطح يك درصدمعني دار بوده و بر تعداد برگ، در سطح 5 درصد، اما بر تعداد گره غير فعال، ارتفاع و سطح برگ، سطح و طول ريشه،كربن آلي ، pH   خاك و غلظت كادميوم اندام هوايي تاثير معني داري نداشت. بطوركلي مي توان گفت كه استفاده از بيوچار، با توجه به طرفيت بالاي آن براي جذب و تثبيت سرب و كادميوم، مي­تواند به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب و ارزان در جهت كاهش آلودگي خاك و محيط زيست از اين فلزات باشد.واژگان كليدي: بيوچار، كادميوم، سرب، ماش.

  To evaluation of genetic diversity and recognize of resistant genotypes, the experiment done in randomize block designs with both irrigated and rain-fed conditions with 25 genotypes of bread wheat. This experiment was performed in the research field and physiology lab of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University   during the year 2016-2017. Simple variance analysis of different agronomic, physiologic and biochemical traits showed that genotype effect for the most of traits was significant and too, combined analysis demonstrated that environment effect for the most of traits was significant. Different analysis i.e. Factor Analysis, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis performed for all the measure traits. Based on correlation between drought resistant indices and grain yield in both conditions, MP, STI, GMP, HMP, MSTI, MRP,YI and REI were situation indices for the selection of the best genotypes in both irrigated and rain-fed conditions. Result of STS and ISI indices showed that genotype of eight number was superior. Genetic parameters, phenotypic correlation and genotypic correlation was calculated, current of correlations indicated that genotypic correlation higher than phenotypic correlations and this objective demonstration of genetic diversity higher in the genotypes. Result of GGE biplot analysis showed that irrigated condition 5, 15, 13,10,18, 11, 16 and24 genotypes was the best and result in the rain-fed condition18, 10, 15,17,11, 4, 16 and12 showed was the superior genotypes.Key words: bread wheat, resistance at drought, , physiologic traits,   arable traits, biochemical traits  

  stability analysis of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using AMMI model and GGE biplot

About a third of the food produced for humans disappears. three billion tons of food produced are consumed by humans According to the FAO, approximately. transgenic plants can be used to induce characteristics such as: the potential for agricultural production, the potential for the environment, the potential for human health, in plants According to the FAO report. The term vitamin is used to define a number of organic compounds that must be obtained from different foods because living organisms cannot synthesize it and needed for their life. Vitamin C is a generic name for L-ascorbic acid (AsA) derived from a six-carbon sugar L-threo-hex-2-enono-1,4-lactone. The GME enzyme converts it to GDP-L-galactose with an effect on the GDP-D-mannose glucose, thus creating an interaction between the pathway for synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and the synthesis of vitamin C. The GME enzyme has the highest degree of protein conservation in the pathway of vitamin C biosynthesis. In this research, the isolation of the gene of GDP Mannose -35epimerase (GME) from Actinidia deliciosa cultivar Hayward was performed by primers based on the sequence of Actinidia deliciosa cultivar qinme by PCR reaction using Total RNA extracted. Then, isolated genes The pTG19 vector was replicated and shipped to South Koreas MICRO GENE for sequencing. Separated sequence in the NCBI database is most similar to the 1973 score with kiwi Actinidia deliciosa cultivar qinmei with access number (GU339037.1) and the least similarity with 1002 rating with a species of banana called Musa acuminata with access number (XM_009394784 .2). The rows of segments separated by two sequences of kiwifruit from the NCBI bank were performed using MEGA7 software based on the nearest neighbor method. Using the SWISS-MODEL modeling technique, the three-dimensional structure of the gene was simulated with QMEAN score (0.97).Keywords: GME, cloning, kiwi, vitamins .

  Vitamin C is a major antioxidant in plants and plays an important role in reducing the overactive activity of reactive oxygen species.In humans, the main role of this molecule, due to its antioxidant capacity, is the elimination of activity of active oxygen species and also acts as a cofactor for many enzymes.Human is one of the few mammalian species that can not synthesize this vitamin and should be obtained through food sources.The GGP gene is one of the most important genes in the biosynthetic cycle of vitamin C, which codes for the GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase enzyme. The preparation of the GGP gene is the most important step in transferring it to enhance the expression of vitamin C in different plants. In this study, the isolation of this gene from the Kiwi plant was carried out through the design of specific primers, as well as the extraction of RNA and gene amplification by PCR. The gene was then cloned in the pTG19-T plasmid via T/A cloning. The molecular analyzes were performed and sequenced for final confirmation. The bioinformatics analyzes of this gene can provide important information on the protein structure and its combined desire for enzymatic reactions, protected areas of the gene and frequency and its differences in different plants. It can be used to increase vitamin C in other plants such as cucumbers, resistance to environmental stresses in different plants, and so on.  

  AbstractOne of the oldest traditional crops is fig (Ficus carica L.) tree that extensive present in several countries around the Mediterranean basin. Iran is the important centers of publishing and distribution of many plant species. Thus, Knowledge of fig genetic diversity is so important. The present study was done to investigate the genetic diversity of 147 fig genotypes in west of Iran by using morphological traits and ISSR and SCoT markers. Genotypes were collected from 25 regions in the provinces of Kermanshah, Kordestan and Ilam. In morphological part, genotypes in terms of 58 traits related to characteristics of tree, leave and fruit were studied. The results of cluster analysis based on the morphological traits divided the genotypes into five groups. Principal component analysis, divided the genotypes into five groups. Factor analysis results showed that 18 factors justified about 75.62% of the total variation that the first three factors could be named as leaf and fruit size factor, growth form and factor affecting little lateral lobes. Correlation analysis also showed significant correlations between traits. In molecular studies, 10 ISSR and SCoT primer showed polymorphic. A total of 155 bands were produced by ISSR markers that among which 144 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphic was 92.83%. Also 10 SCoT primers produced 183 bands that 169 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphism was 90.91 percent. The size of the bands based on ISSR and ScoT markers were varied between 250 to 2200 and 250 to 3007 base pair, respectively. In cluster analysis based on ISSR and ScoT markers, genotypes respectively were evaluated in three and five groups which in some cases were similar with morphological dir=ltr>Keywords: Fig, genetic diversity, west of Iran, ISSR, SCoT

  In current study 28 advanced lines of barley were evaluated for drought tolerance using drought tolerance indices, morphological, physiological and agronomic traits. For this purpose, the experiments were laid out under two conditions (stress and non-stress) based on randomized complete block designs with three replications in Research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during 2014-2015 growing season. Seed yield, thousand seed weight, number of grains per spike, plant height, spike length, awn length, peduncle length, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content and Also stress susceptibility )SSI( indices, tolerance ­)TOL(, geometric mean productivity )GMP(, average production )AP), stress tolerance (STI), loss of yield (Yr), yield (YI) and yield stability (YSI) in the both were calculated based on grain yield conditions. Combined analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference between stress and non-stress environments for yield, yield components, plant height, peduncle length, so that the averages of the characters in stress conditions were lower than those in non-stress conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for the traits. The results of correlation analysis of all traits showed a positive significant correlation between yield and harvest index, biological yield and thousand seed weight. under non-stress conditions yield was correlated with harvest index, plant height, spike length, and biological yield. Indices MP with yield in the both conditions and Indiceses GMP, STI in conditions stress had high correlations with yield therefore on the ground of Indiceses suitable for selection higher genotypes introduction Based on three-dimensional chart of these indices, genotypes 1, 9, 25 were most suitable genotypes for the both conditions. These genotypes of were identified as tolerant genotypes according to the biplot of the first and two principal components. In contrast, genotypes 4, 7, 23 and 24 showed more yield reduction in stress conditions. Genetic parameters, phenotypic and genotypic correlation was calculated, As a whole were genotypic correlation higher than phenotypic correlations, indicating High genetic diversity in the barley genotypes.

  The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and structure in three Iranian goat breeds (Markhoz, Mohabadi and Lori), one imported breed (Bital) and their singleton and twin-bearing subpopulations using ISSR markers. Blood samples were collected from 210 animals. 17 primers were used that 5 primers were selected due to number of clear bands and polymorphic properties. In total, 86 fragments were observed,   which 78 fragments were polymorphic, revealing 80/70% polymorphism. Allele frequencies, number of observed allels (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), gene diversity (H), Shannon information index (I) and Neis standard genetic distance (D) were calculated and UPGMA phylogenetic tree was constructed based on allel frequencies. The average number of observed alleles was 1.91±0.29, ranging from 1.71±0.46 to 1.80±0.40. The average values of Ne, H and I of all primers were 1.46±0.35, 0.27±0.18 and 0.41±0.24 respectively. A UPGMA dendrogram based on the Neis standard genetic distance was indicated two separated groups. One included Mohabadi, Lori in a branch and then Markhoz. Another consisted Bital. This clustering was consistent with the geographical distribution and production goal of the studied breeds. In constructed dendrogram between subpopulations in the studied breeds, singletone and twin bearing subpopulations per breed are in same cluster. Actually ISSR markers that was used in this study couldnt distinguish singleton and twin bearing subpopulations. According to the indicators of genetic diversity, it seemes that the studied goat breeds have relatively similar genetic diversity.

Myostatin gene or a transforming growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) the play an essential role in the regulation of muscle growth and reproductive system regulation prossing of livestock. This regulation is via the inhibition of myoblast proliferation and differentiation, specifically in skeletal muscles during embryonic development. The objective of this study was to investigate polymorphisms of the myostatin gene and their relationship with towning and growth traits in 150 individuals from Markhoz goat (take size and litter size) of Iran. After DNA extraction, two set of specific primers were designed and used to amplify 573 and 475bp fragments of the myostatin gene 5`UTR-Exon 1 and Exon 3 respectively. A 573bp fragment of the myostatin gene, which contains a deletion 5bp indel (206 TTTTA/), single nucleotide polymorphism of substitution (339 T/A) in region 5`UTR and exon1 and so, single nucleotide polymorphism of substitution (169T/G) in region exon 3respectively. The PCR products were separately digested using restriction enzyme endonuclease DraI, HinIII and HindIII the digestion results indicate two genotypes AA and AB in 5`UTR region, three genotypes AA, AT and TT in exon1 and three genotypes TT, TG and GG in exon3. Odds Ratio criteria for twing trait in the first parity compared to second and third parity was 1.4 (P>0.05) and 4 (P<0.1) respectively. Also, this criteria was 4.60 (P<0.05) when the second parity was compared to the third parity the amounts of OR estimated and Chi-square statistics for twining rate were 1.84 and 13.6 for the AA genotype on TT and also 0.28 and 8.46 for the TT genotype on AT. These amounts were estimated 0.07 (P<0.1) The Chi-Square statistics equal to 2.65 demonstrated significant differences between two TT and GG genotype groups for twining rate in Markhoz goat. The allele freguency analyses the associated to two groups take size and twning showed result which B and T alleles have significant effect on towning into twinig population at compared with B and B allele into take size population in 5`UTR and exon3, respectively. AA and GG genotypes had significantly in (BW180) and ADG days of age compared to AT and TT (P<0.05), TT and TG (P<0.1) genotypes in exon1 and exon 3 the respectively.   ut no were genotypes found to be significantly associated with growth traits in 5`UTR region. The statistical analyses showed positive and significant effects of the A allele for W6 trait, as well as negative and significant effecs of the G allele for ADG. The according, results of this research demonstrate that the myostatin gene can be considered as a candidate gene to improve twning rate and body weight in breeding programs of Markhoz goat.   Keyword: Myostatin, Odds ratio, Allelic substitution effect, Twining, growth traits, Markhoz goat, PCR-RFLP

  This study was carried out to investigate stress tolerance of 20 genotypes of wheat in two rainfed and irrigated conditions, in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah. Agronomic, morphological, physiological and biochemical traits were evaluated. Results of analysis of variance indicated that the genotypes in both conditions were different significantly for the of characters. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed significant differences between traits in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Correlation analysis between indices and yields showed that MP, GMP and STI due to having high correlation with grain yield could be used in selection of genotypes. Based on most indicies 10, 3 and 2 were introduced as the most resistance genotypes and 9 and 8 genotypes most sensitive. The results of study of biochemical traits showed that the enzyme activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in dryland environment more than irrigated environment. According to the results of the principal component analysis, selected two principal components is explained   by the 94.16% of the total variation, the first and the second components explain 56.56 and 37.60 of total variance percentages, respectively. Biplot diagram showed that the 10, 2, 3, 5, 15, 16, 17, 4 and 7 genotypes were in the vicinity of major vector of indices for drought resistance, in face were in areas with high production potential and low sensivity to drought stress. The genotypes of 5, 15, 16, 17, and 4 more willing to vector of the grain yield in stress condition. This showed that these genotypes in addition to drought tolerance,have high yield in stress condition. Based on cluster analysis, the genotypes in both rainfed and irrigated conditions in the five groups. The results of germination tests showed that genotype 2 in most of the traits, is the best when to other genotypes, thus we can introduce this genotype as drought tolerance genotype in the stage. Genotypes 18, 19 and 20 are the most sensitive genotypes at this stage.